| Research Article |
Open Access |
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| Fractional Precipitation of Plasma Proteome by Ammonium Sulphate: Case Studies in Leukemia and Thalassemia |
| Sutapa Saha1, Suchismita Halder1, Dipankar Bhattacharya1, Debasis Banerjee2 and Abhijit Chakrabarti1* |
| 1Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064, India |
| 2Hematology Unit, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Prathisthan, Kolkata 700026, India |
| *Corresponding author: |
Abhijit Chakrabarti
Structural Genomics Division,
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064, India
Tel: 0091-33-2337-5345-49 (Extn.-4626)
Fax: 0091-33-2337-4637
E-mail:
abhijit.chakrabarti@saha.ac.in |
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| Received July 07, 2012; Accepted August 20, 2012; Published August 03, 2012 |
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| Citation: Saha S, Halder S, Bhattacharya D, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A (2012)
Fractional Precipitation of Plasma Proteome by Ammonium Sulphate: Case
Studies in Leukemia and Thalassemia. J Proteomics Bioinform 5: 163-171.
doi:10.4172/jpb.1000230 |
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| Copyright: © 2012 Saha S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited. |
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| Abstract |
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| Human plasma proteome is a comprehensive source of disease biomarkers. However, the >10 orders-wide
dynamic concentration range of its constituent proteins necessitates depletion of abundant proteins from plasma
prior to biomarker discovery. Our objective has been to develop a simple method that would deplete the most
abundant proteins e.g. albumin and immunoglobulins, effectively facilitating identification of differentially regulated
proteins in plasma samples. We employed ammonium sulphate based pre-fractionation of plasma followed by twodimensional
gel electrophoresis (2DGE) for comparison of normal proteins with those from the plasma samples of
the patients, after identification of proteins by MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry. Fractional precipitation
of the plasma samples by 20% ammonium sulphate from raw plasma doubled the number of protein spots after
2DGE and led to identification of 87 unique proteins, including several low-abundance proteins. Case studies done
with fractional precipitation of the plasma samples of patients suffering from hematological diseases e.g. leukemia
and thalassemia indicate the utility of such pre-fractionation in the detection of differentially regulated proteins. |
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| Keywords |
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| Depletion technique; Blood plasma; Differential
proteomics; Hematological malignancy; Hemoglobinopathy; 2DGE |
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| Introduction |
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| Blood plasma is a rich source of biochemical products that can
indicate physiological or clinical status of a patient [1]. It is the most
valuable specimen for protein biomarker determination because it is
readily obtainable and contains thousands of protein species secreted
from cells and tissues [2,3]. The discovery of protein biomarkers in
plasma for diseases is challenging and requires a highly parallel display
and quantization strategy for proteins [4-6] like two dimensional gel
electrophoresis (2DGE). The protein content of serum however, is
dominated by a handful of proteins such as albumin, immunoglobulins
(IgG), and lipoproteins present across an extraordinary dynamic range
of concentration. This exceeds the analytical capabilities of traditional
proteomic methods, making detection of lower abundance serum
proteins extremely challenging. Reduction of sample complexity is
thus an essential first step in the analysis of plasma proteome [7]. |
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| There have been three main methods of depleting abundant proteins
from serum samples: affinity removal method [1,4,8-10]; membrane
filtration method to separate low-mass proteins from high-mass ones
[7]; and multidimensional chromatographic fractionation [3,4,6].
But all these methods are expensive, laborious and time-consuming,
as depletion of multiple abundant proteins from each plasma sample
requires multiple technical steps. Besides, all these studies were mainly
concentrated on the depletion of high-abundance proteins, primarily
albumin and IgG, with little attention to detection of low-abundance
biomarker proteins. We have employed 20% ammonium sulphate
precipitation for rapid depletion of abundant proteins from plasma.
Fountoulakis and coworkers have earlier reported fractionation of
plasma proteins with 50% and 70% ammonium sulphate to reduce
concentrations of high-abundance components and enrich lower
abundant components in plasma 2D profiles, thereby facilitating
the identification of disease markers [11]. Unlike other albumindepletion
studies, we checked the efficiency of our method in detecting
differentially regulated plasma proteins in hematological malignancies
like B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), acute myeloid
leukemia (AML) and in the hemoglobinopathy, HbEβ−thalassemia. We could detect differential regulation of several proteins in leukemic
and thalassemic plasma samples compared to normal controls which
includes many differentially regulated proteins in leukemic plasma
samples also identified earlier. |
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| Materials and Methods |
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| Fractionation of plasma proteins using ammonium sulphate |
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| Blood plasma samples of healthy normal volunteers, and B-ALL,
AML and HbEβ-thalassemia patients on de novo diagnosis, were
collected from R.K. Mission Hospital and Clinical Hematology
Service, Kolkata. Clinical details of normal individuals and patients
are summarized in Supplementary material 1. Written consent was
obtained from all of the participants, and the study was conducted in
accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration with the
approval of the institutional ethics committee. Complete protease
inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) was added whenever
plasma was stored at -80°C for later use. Plasma samples were
centrifuged at 12000 g, 4°C, for 30 minutes, and the supernatants
diluted with PBS (2.7 mM KCl, 1.5 mM KH2PO4, 137 mM NaCl, 8.1
mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.4) to protein concentrations ~20 mg/ml. Diluted
plasma samples were distributed into 1 ml aliquots. Next, 55, 113, 144,
176, 208, 242, 277, 314, and 351 milligrams of (NH4)2SO4 were added
to different aliquots for attaining 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%,
50%, and 55% salt concentrations respectively, and incubated on ice for 30 minutes with occasional mixing. The solutions were centrifuged at
12000 g, 4°C for 25 minutes, the supernatants taken in fresh tubes and
the precipitate dissolved in minimum volume of solubilization buffer
(5 mM sodium phosphate, 20 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.2 mM DTT,
and pH-8.0). The starting plasma, the supernatant and the solubilized
ammonium sulphate precipitate, all three were dialysed overnight
against 10 mM Tris, 5 mM KCl, pH-7.5, at 4°C. |
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| Two dimensional gel electrophoresis and image analysis |
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| After dialysis, the starting plasma, the supernatant and the
solubilized ammonium sulphate precipitate, all three were mixed
with equal volume of 2D sample buffer containing 8 M urea, 2%
(w/v) CHAPS, 0.05% Bio-lyte 3-10 ampholyte, 20 mM DTT (Bio-
Rad, Hercules, CA) and Protease inhibitor (Roche Diagnostics). The protein concentrations of the samples were estimated using RC DC
protein estimation kit (Bio-Rad), and an absolute amount of 1.8 mg for
Coomassie staining, or 600 μg for silver staining, or 1.2 mg for SYPRO
RUBY staining, was taken in a final volume of 350 μl. 17 cm pH 3-10
IPG strips (Bio-Rad) were passively rehydrated or cup-loaded with
the plasma samples. IEF was carried out in a Protean IEF cell (Bio-
Rad), stepwise up to 120000 Volt-Hours. Equilibration of the strips
post IEF was performed following published protocol [12]. The second
dimension was run on 8-16% polyacrylamide gradient gels in a Protean
II XL electrophoresis module (Bio-Rad). Gels were stained either with
Blue Silver Coomassie [13] or SYPRO-RUBY (Sigma) according to
manufacturer’s instructions, or Silver stain according to the method of
Rabilloud [14]. Image captures and analyses were done on Versa Doc
series 3000 imaging system using PDQuest software (version 7.1, Bio-
Rad). Densitometry analysis of the gel spots of interest was performed
using the density tool of PDQuest. Spot volume (intensity) of the
desired spot(s) was normalized as parts per million (ppm) of the total
spot volume using the spots that were present in all gels, to calculate the
relative abundance of a spot in a sample. |
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| In-gel tryptic digestion and mass spectrometry |
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| Sequencing grade trypsin was purchased from Promega (Madison,
WI). All other reagents were purchased from Pierce (Rockford, USA).
The protein spots from Coomassie and SYPRO-RUBY stained 2D gels
of normal plasma were excised using a robotic spot-cutter (Bio-Rad).
The gel pieces were de-stained with 50% acetonitrile, 25 mM ammoniun
bicarbonate. Subsequent in-gel tryptic digestion, peptide elution,
acquisition of MS and MS/MS spectra and database searches were
done following our published protocol [15]. Recrystallized CHCA and
2, 5-DHB (Sigma) were used as matrices. MS of the digested peptides
was done in positive reflector mode in a MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem
mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, AB 4700). Autotryptic and
common keratin peaks were validated and subsequently excluded
from MS/MS analysis. Twelve most intense peptides from each spot
were subjected to MS/MS analysis. Peak lists were prepared from
MS and MS/MS data using GPS explorer V3.6 (Applied Biosystems)
software and noise reduction and de-isotoping were performed using
default settings. Resulting PMF and MS/MS data were searched against
human MSDB and Swiss-Prot databases using in-house MASCOT
V2.1 (Matrix Science, UK) server and MOWSE score (with p<0.05)
was considered to determine significant hits. For homologous proteins
having similar MOWSE scores, preference was given to the protein with
best match between theoretical and experimental molecular weight and
pI. All MS experiments were repeated at least thrice, with spots excised
from three separate gels. The database search parameters included one
missed cleavage, error tolerance of ± 100 ppm for PMF and ± 1.2 Da for
MS/MS ion search and variable modifications like carbamidomethyl
cysteine, methionine oxidation, and N-terminal acetylation. |
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| Western immunoblotting |
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| Plasma protein samples (25 μg) were re-suspended in 30 μL SDSPAGE
buffer (2% mercaptoethanol (v/v), 1% SDS, 12% glycerol, 50 mM
Tris-HCl and a trace amount of bromophenol blue), heated at 95°C for
5 min, cooled and loaded directly onto 12% gel. 1D-SDS-PAGE was
performed in a Mini Protean III-cell (Bio-Rad) using Tris-glycine with
0.1% SDS, following manufacturer’s instructions. Proteins separated
on gel were blotted onto PVDF membranes and subsequently blocked
with Tris-buffer-saline (TBS), 5% non fat dry milk for 2h at room
temperature. Primary antibodies (Abcam) were diluted in TBS/0.1% Tween (TBST) following manufacturer’s protocol. β-Tubulin was used
as loading control. Anti-rabbit or anti-mouse HRP-conjugated IgGs
were used as secondary antibodies (Abcam). Membranes were washed
with TBST and detected by ECL (Pierce) with either the VersaDoc
imager (BioRad) or on X-ray film development. |
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| Results |
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| Separation of pre-fractionated plasma proteins using 2DGE |
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| 1D-SDS-PAGE profiles of raw plasma, sub-fractions after
(NH4)2SO4 precipitations and respective supernatants showed more
number of protein bands only in sub-fractions after 20% and 45%
(NH4)2SO4 precipitations (Supplementary material 2). We’ve chosen
the sub-fraction after 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation for further 2DGE
analysis, which appeared to precipitate the maximum proportion of
lower abundance proteins leaving most of the abundant proteins in
solution. From 20 mg protein in raw plasma, 3.5 ± 0.8 mg was obtained
in the 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitate while the supernatant retained the
rest of it (15 ± 1.6 mg estimated). Both 1D and 2D profiles of raw
diluted plasma, the fraction after 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and
the supernatant after precipitation together revealed that (NH4)2SO4
precipitates only a fraction of the whole plasma proteome. The particular
fraction contained reduced load of abundant plasma proteins and was
enriched with various minor proteins leaving the gel electrophoresis
profile of the supernatant almost identical to that of raw plasma
(Figure 1). The 1D-SDS-PAGE showed depletion of abundant proteins
like albumin and IgG and enrichment/appearance of several lowabundance
proteins including a tissue leakage protein, α-fetoprotein in
the precipitated fraction (Figure 1A). The high percentage of albumin
was found to be depleted (>80%) ensuring resolution of other proteins
that were obscured by albumin in 2D gels, and minor proteins that
were initially hidden by co-migration with albumin or smears became
visible (Figures 1B-1D). The number of spots visible in 2D gels was doubled from 348 in raw plasma to 617 in the fraction precipitated by
20% (NH4)2SO4 with various new spots appearing in the pI region 4.5-
6.5 and between 10 kDa and 50 kDa molecular mass (Figure 1E). |
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Figure 1:
1A. Coomassie stained 1D SDS-PAGE of raw plasma, the ammonium sulphate precipitate and supernatant. Lane1(from left)- MW marker (M); Lane2- raw
normal plasma (NP); Lane 3- supernatant left after 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation from normal plasma (NS), Lane 4- 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitate/cut from normal plasma<
(NC).
1B. Silver stained 2D profile of raw normal plasma.
1C. Silver stained 2D profile of 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitate from normal plasma.
1D. Silver stained 2D profile of supernatant left after 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation.
1E. 3D view of boxed regions in 1B and 1C |
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|
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| We compared the 2DGE profiles of the fraction precipitated by
20% (NH4)2SO4 and the albumin-depleted plasma after treatment
with commercially available albumin depletion kit (ProteoPrep Blue
Albumin & IgG Depletion kit, Sigma, St.Louis, MO). Supplementary
material 3 provides the 2D gel images that shows better performance
20% (NH4)2SO4 to justify the choice of conventional salting-out for
enrichment of minor proteins in addition to depletion of abundant
proteins from plasma, and preliminary screening of clinical samples.
Although the ProteoPrep Blue Albumin and IgG Depletion kit
specifically depleted albumin and IgG, the number of spots visible
upon albumin-depletion did not increase appreciably as seen from the
2DGE profile. |
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| Identification of plasma proteins by tandem mass
spectrometry |
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| Post (NH4)2SO4 precipitation based pre-fractionation, a total of 87
proteins were identified from coomassie and SYPRO-RUBY stained
2D gels of normal plasma, by performing combined searches (MS +
MS/MS) against MSDB, NCBI, Swissprot databases, as shown in Figure
2 and elaborated in Table 1. Of these 64 had significant scores (p ≤ 0.05)
in the combined searches. Many of the rest 24 protein identifications
were supported by either the published SWISS-2D-PAGE map of
human plasma (marked with asterisk ‘*’ in Table 1), or ion score ≥ 20
of at least one MS/MS fragment, or other proteomic studies of blood
plasma/serum [4,6,7] (marked with ‘**’). The list included many low
abundance proteins that were undetectable in normal plasma prior
to (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. Low-abundance proteins present in
amounts five to nine orders of magnitude lower than albumin, like serum amyloid P, vitamin D binding protein, interleukins, interferons,
tissue leakage proteins (e.g. α-fetoprotein), ion channels and hormones
were detected and identified from the fraction after 20% (NH4)2SO4
precipitation, separated on 2D gels. This reflects a significant gain in the
dynamic range of plasma proteins visualized in 2-D gels following 20%
(NH4)2SO4 precipitation. We could detect and identify some important
blood plasma constituents, like fibrinogen-γ chain and immunoglobulin
λ-light chain, that were absent from Anderson and co-workers’ report
of an exhaustive list of proteins detected and/or identified in plasma
[16]. All the 87 proteins were searched for their molecular function,
biological process and localization in the PANTHER classification
system database17 indicating the identified proteins to be involved in
multiple biological processes like blood coagulation, cargo transport,
proteolysis, signal transduction, cell-adhesion, immunity/defense, etc. |
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Figure 2: Annotated proteins in the fraction after 20% ammonium sulphate
precipitation from normal plasma. Mass spectrometry details appear in Table 1. |
|
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Table 1: Protein Identifications from 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitate of normal plasma by 2DGE-MALDI ToF/ToF Tandem Mass Spectrometry. |
|
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| Display of differentially regulated proteins in patient plasma |
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| The clinical features of the B-ALL, AML, HbEβ-thalassemia
patients and the normal controls are summarized in Supplementary
material 1. As shown in Figure 3, a comparison between the fraction
of raw plasma proteome fraction after 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation,
obtained from normal, B-ALL, AML and HbEβ-thalassemia samples
revealed ~20 differentially regulated proteins. Differences in mean
ppm spot volumes between normal controls and patient samples for all
protein spots were subjected to unpaired two-tail student’s t-test. Due
to the inherent complexity of a 2D gel-based proteomic studies, we have
only concentrated on the spots which were significantly different (p ≤
0.01) between normal and patient plasma sub-proteomes. We observed
down-regulation of transferrin, albumin, immunoglobulin heavy
chains, apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1), transthyretin, α1-B-glycoprotein,
α2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG); and up-regulation of α1-antitrypsin,
haptoglobin, interferon-β (INF-β), glutathione-s-transferase (GST),
SET domain bifurcated (SETDB), adenylate kinase-1 (AK-1), T-cell
receptor-β (TCR-β) in the plasma of B-ALL patients as compared to
normal plasma; shown as histogram plots in Figure 4. 2D profiles of
samples from AML (hatched bars in Figure 4) and HbEβ-thalassemia
(hollow bars in Figure 4) patient plasmas indicated opposite trend of
differential regulation of most of these proteins, pointing towards the
specificity of the observations. |
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|
Figure 3: Display of differentially regulated proteins in the blood plasma of patients suffering from B-ALL / AML / HbEb-thalassemia compared to normal control.
1:Transferrin, 2:Albumin, 3: α1-antitrypsin, 4:IgG heavy chains, 5:Apo-A1, 6:Haptoglobin α-chains, 7:Transthyretin, 8:Retinol binding protein 9:Interferon-β, 10:α1-B
glycoprotein, 11:α2-HS glycoprotein, 12:Glutathione-S-transferase, 13:SET domain bifurcated, 14:Adenylate kinase-1, 15:T-cell receptor α-chain, 16:Haptoglobin
α-chains, 17:Apo-E, 18:Apo-D, 19: Orosomucoid, 20: Fibrinogen α-chain. |
|
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Figure 4: Histogram plots showing change in ppm relative densities (PPM RD)
of the 15 differentially-regulated proteins. All data were subjected to unpaired
two-tail student’s t-test and significant (p≤0.01) changes from normal samples
are marked with asterisk.
Gray Bars: B-ALL (n=8), Black bars: Normal (n=8), Hatched bars: AML (n=3),
Hollow bars: HbEβ-thalassemia (n=4), TFN: Transferrin, Alb: Albumin, α1-ATT:
α1-Antitrypsin, HPGα: Haptoglobin α-chain, TTR: Transthyretin, AHSG: α2-HS
Glycoprotein precursor, Apo A1: Apolipoprotein A1, α1-BG: α1-B Glycoprotein,
HPGα: Haptoglobin α-chain, Apo E: Apolipoprotein E, INF-α: Interferon α, GST:
Glutathione-S-Transferase, SET: SET Domain Bifurcated, AK-1: Adenylate
Kinase 1, TCR-α: T-cell receptor α-chain. |
|
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| Validation by western immunoblotting |
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| To confirm the results obtained from 2DGE experiments, we
quantitated the amounts of four differentially regulated proteins in raw
plasma, obtained from a separate set of 3 normal controls and 4 B-ALL
patients, using western immunoblotting. Supplementary material
4 shows the immunoblots for 5 proteins with β-tubulin as loading
control, and histogram plot of the band intensities. All data were
subjected to unpaired two-tail student’s t-test and the changes were
found to be significant (p≤0.05). The immunoblots clearly supported
results from 2DGE experiments. The four proteins: transferrin, α1-
antitrypsin, Apo-A1 and albumin, were chosen as representatives for
proteolysis-modulating, carrier and acute phase proteins exhibiting
differential regulation in B-ALL plasma 2D profiles. |
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| Discussion |
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| Since proteins differ markedly in their solubility at high ionic
strength, salting-out has been the most efficient, time-tested and useful
procedure for protein enrichment. The advantage of (NH4)2SO4 is its
high water-solubility leading to high ionic strength, and low heat of
solvation protecting most proteins from denaturation [17]. This simple inexpensive fractionation of plasma proteins with depletes most of the
high-abundance proteins e.g. albumin leading to an increase in lowabundance
components, as also observed earlier [11]. As evident in this
study, 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation led to a representative fraction of
the plasma proteome effectively facilitating detection of differentiallyregulated
protein markers in patient plasma samples with identification
of several low-abundance proteins. The composition of the plasma
proteome fraction after 20% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation depends
primarily on the quantity and solubility of the constituent proteins
initially present in the sample, irrespective of the source or nature of
the starting material. The fact that (NH4)2SO4 does not differentially
deplete plasma proteins from sample to sample has been apparent
from the immunoblots of raw undepleted plasma samples, shown in
Supplementary material 4. Our investigation of differential regulations
in two different-lineage hematological malignancies, i.e. ALL & AML,
and an unrelated blood disorder with similar symptoms viz. HbEβ-
thalassemia, establishes the specificity of the observed de-regulations
with respect to the disease. The specificity of the observations
adds an extra line of evidence to the suitability of 20% (NH4)2SO4
precipitation for detection of disease biomarkers in patient plasma
samples. Immunoaffinity-based chromatography effectively depletes
high-abundance proteins from the plasma, but even these expensive,
laborious and time consuming commercially available methods fail
to completely remove high-abundance components and suffer from their own limitations of specificity [18-21]. Our approach has been
to use a simple, cost-effective method to obtain plasma fractions with
reduced content of abundant proteins and maximum number of wellresolved
spots on 2D gels. Although (NH4)2SO4 fractionation does not
specifically deplete or remove a particular protein or class of proteins,
however, it also does not show preference towards a particular protein
mixture, irrespective of sample type (normal or patient). It treats two
different types of body fluid samples e.g. plasma & urine, differently,
but remains unbiased towards the source e.g. from patients or from
normal volunteers. Thus, it could be effectively used for differential
proteomics in clinical studies. Use of combinatorial peptide ligand
libraries for depletion of abundant proteins and accessing lowabundance
biomarkers in clinical proteomics studies of blood plasma
[22-24] further supports our notion that any pre-fractionation strategy
for plasma could come handy to increased access to disease-markers
apart from depletion of high abundance components. |
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| Many of our observations in disease plasma were supported
by earlier reports. Haptoglobin up-regulation in AML, CML, and
multiple myeloma has also been reported in earlier studies [25-27].
While 2D profiles support the up-regulation of haptoglobin β-chain
in AML plasma [26], we emphasize on haptoglobin α-chain that
exhibits opposite trends of de-regulation in AML/HbEβ-thalassemia
and B-ALL. This further highlights the application of (NH4)2SO4
precipitation for preliminary screening of patient plasma samples.
AHSG is reported to be down-regulated in AML, ALL, NHL and
multiple myeloma patients [25,26,28]. We observed down-regulation
of AHSG in B-ALL plasma in contrast to an up-regulation in AML/
HbEβ-thalassemia plasma (Figure 4). Since lymphoblasts fail to
mature into antibody-secreting plasma cells in B-ALL, the patients
show significant down-regulation of immunoglobulin heavy chains in
plasma. In contrast, immunoglobulin heavy chains are up-regulated
in AML/HbEβ-thalassemia patient sera [26]. Additionally, Apo-A1 is
down-regulated in B-ALL plasma contrary to the observation in AML
(Figure 4). Hence IgG and Apo-A1 can serve as important biomarkers
of B-ALL. Up-regulation of transferrin, AHSG and AK-1, vs. downregulation
of transthyretin, Apo-A1, Apo-E and TCR-β in HbEβ-
thalassemia plasma, compared to normal controls, are all preliminary
reports that warrant further investigations with increased sample
size. As most of the de-regulated proteins participate in multiple
physiological processes like proteolysis, cargo-transport and iron
homeostasis, their de-regulation might enlighten clinical manifestation
of the disease. The western immunoblots qualitatively supported the
2DGE results but showed quantitative discrepancies in the degrees of
deregulation of the proteins, most likely attributable to differences in
the protein loads and detection limits of the two techniques. Moreover,
immunoblot confirmation using a separate set of B-ALL patients and
normal controls further emphasizes on the prospects of the reported
de-regulations as potential diagnostic and prognostic indicators of
the respective diseases, and that the differences do not arise out of
the plasma pre-fractionation technique used. In conclusion, 20%
ammonium sulphate precipitation shows prospects of accelerating the
preliminary screening and detection of disease biomarkers in blood
plasma. We further emphasize upon the assets of proteomic studies
over single protein detection assays in revealing differential regulation
of different classes of proteins, simultaneously in a disease, which
might be a step ahead in cutting through the complexity diseases and
explaining their pathophysiology and clinical manifestation. This study
also reports for the first time a 2DGE based proteomic investigation of
B-ALL and HbEβ-thalassemia. |
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| Acknowledgements |
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| Funding is provided by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of
India. SS and SH has done the experiments, DBh had initiated the work, DBan has
been the clinical collaborator, AC has supervised the project and SS and AC has
written the manuscript. We declare no conflict of interests. |
| |
|
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