Virology & Mycology Infectious Diseases
 
   Publications A-Z
A
»Accounting & Marketing
» Addiction Research & Therapy
»Advances in Automobile Engineering
»Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety
»Advances in Robotics & Automation
»Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering
»Agrotechnology
»AIDS & Clinical Research
»Allergy & Therapy
»Air & Water borne Diseases
»Alzheimers Disease & Parkinsonism
»Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques
»Anaplastology
»Anatomy & Physiology
»Andrology-Open Access
»Anesthesia & Clinical Research
»Antivirals & Antiretrovirals
»Applied & Computational Mathematics
»Applied Mechanical Engineering
»Aquaculture Research & Development
»Architectural Engineering Technology
»Arthritis
»Astrophysics & Aerospace technology
»Autacoids
»Autism-Open Access
  
B
»Bacteriology & Parasitology
»Bioanalysis & Biomedicine
»Biochemistry and Analytical Biochemistry
»Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access
»Biochips & Tissue Chips
»Bioenergetics: Open Access
»Bioengineering & Biomedical Science
»Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
»Biofertilizers & Biopesticides
»Biometrics & Biostatistics
»Biomolecular Research & Therapeutics
»Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access
»Bioprocessing & Biotechniques
»Bioremediation & Biodegradation
»Biosafety
»Biosensors & Bioelectronics
»Biotechnology & Biomaterials
»Bioterrorism & Biodefense
»Blood Disorders & Transfusion
»Blood & Lymph
»Brain Disorders & Therapy
»Briefing in Intellectual Property Rights
»Business and Financial Affairs
  
C
»Cancer Science & Therapy
»Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis
»Cell & Developmental Biology
»Cell Science & Therapy
»Chemical Engineering & Process Technology
»Chemotherapy: Open Access
»Chromatography & Separation Techniques
»Civil & Environmental Engineering
»Civil & Legal Sciences
»Clinical & Cellular Immunology
»Clinical Case Reports
»Clinical & Experimental Cardiology
»Clinical & Experimental Dermatology Research
»Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
»Clinical & Experimental Pathology
»Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology
»Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics
»Clinical Research & Bioethics
»Clinical Toxicology
»Clinical Trials
»Cloning & Transgenesis
»Communicable & Noncommunicable Diseases
»Community Medicine & Health Education
»Computer Science & Systems Biology
»Cytology & Histology
D
»Data Mining in Genomics & Proteomics
»Defense Management
»Dentistry
»Depression and Anxiety
»Diabetes & Metabolism
»Drug Designing
»Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
  
E
»Earth Science & Climatic Change
»Ecosystem & Ecography
»Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome
»Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology
»Environmental & Analytical Toxicology
»Epidemiology: Open Access
»Emergency Medicine
»Ergonomics
»Electrical & Electronics
»Enzyme Engineering
»Entrepreneurship & Organization Management
  
F
»Family Medicine & Medical Science Reserch
»Fermentation Technology
»Fertilization : In Vitro
»Food Processing & Technology
»Forensic Research
»Forest Research: Open Access
»Fungal Genomics & Biology
  
G
»Gastrointestinal & Digestive System
»Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy
»Glycobiology
»Glycomics & Lipidomics
»Gynecology& Obstetrics
»Geography & Natural Disasters
»Geology & Geosciences
»Geophysics & Remote Sensing
»Gerontology & Geriatric Research
  
H
»Hair : Therapy & Transplantation
»Health & Medical Informatics
»Hereditary Genetics
»Homeopathy & Ayurvedic Medicine
»Hotel & Business Management
»Human Genetics & Embryology: Current Research
»Hydrology: Current Research
»Hypertension- Open Access
  
I
»Industrial Engineering & Management
»Irrigation and Drainage Systems Engineering
»Information Technology & Software Engineering
»Internal Medicine
»Integrative Oncology
  
L
»Liver
  
M
»Marine Science: Research & Development
»Mass Communication & Journalism
»Material Science & Engineering
»Medicinal Chemistry
»Medical Advancements in Genetic Engineering
»Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
»Medical Diagnostic Methods
»Medical Microbiology & Diagnosis
»Medical & Surgical Urology
»Membrane Science & Technology
»Metabolic Syndrome
»Metabolomics:Open Access
»Microbial & Biochemical Technology
»Molecular Biology
»Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis
»Molecular Imaging & Dynamics
»Mycobacterial Diseases
N
»Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery
»Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology
»Neonatal Biology
»Nephrology & Therapeutics
»Neurology & Neurophysiology
»Novel Physiotherapies
»Nuclear Energy & Power Generation Technologies
»Nuclear Medicine & Radiation Therapy
»Nutrition & Food Sciences
»Nutritional Disorders & Therapy
»Nursing & Care
  
O
»Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy
»OMICS Journal of Radiology
»Outlook on Developing Drugs: Open Access
»Organ Biology
»Organic Chemistry: Current Research
»Orthopedic & Muscular System: Current Research
»Otolaryngology
  
P
»Pain & Relief
»Palliative Care & Medicine
»Pancreatic Disorders & Therapy
»Pediatrics & Therapeutics
»Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology
»Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta
»Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs: Open Access
»Pharmacogenomics & Pharmacoproteomics
»Physical Chemistry & Biophysics
»Plant Pathology & Microbiology
»Powder Metallurgy & Mining
»Primatology
»Primary Health Care: Open Access
»Proteomics & Bioinformatics
»Psychology & Psychotherapy
»Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine
  
R
»rDNA Technology
»Reproductive System & Sexual Disorders
»Rheumatology: Current Research
  
S
» Single Cell Genomics & Proteomics
»Sleep Disorders & Therapy
»Social & Economical Issues of Biotechnology
»Socialomics
»Sports Medicine & Doping Studies
»Spine
»Stem Cell Research & Therapy
»Steroids & Hormonal Science
»Stock & Forex Trading
»Surgery: Current Research
  
T
»Telecommunications System & Management
»Textile Science & Engineering
»Thermodynamics & Catalysis
»Thyroid Disorders & Therapy
»Tissue Science & Engineering
»Translational Medicine
»Transplantation Technologies & Research
»Trauma & Treatment
»Tourism & Hospitality
  
V
»Vaccines & Vaccination
»Veterinary Science & Technology
»Virology & Mycology
»Vitamins & Trace Elements
  
W
»Women's Health Care
  
Y
»Yoga & Physical Therapy
 
   Browse by Subjects
Clinical
» AIDS & Clinical Research
» Anesthesia & Clinical Research
» Cancer Science & Therapy
» Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis
» Cell Science & Therapy
» Clinical & Cellular Immunology
» Clinical & Experimental Cardiology
» Clinical & Experimental Dermatology Research
» Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
» Clinical & Experimental Pathology
» Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology
» Clinical Research & Bioethics
» Clinical Toxicology
» Cytology & Histology
» Forensic Research
» Integrative Oncology
» Neurology & Neurophysiology
» Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine
» Stem Cell Research & Therapy
» Transplantation Technologies & Research
   
Pharmaceutical Sciences
» Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety
» Antivirals & Antiretrovirals
» Bioanalysis & Biomedicine
» Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
» Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics
» Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
» Outlook on Developing Drugs: Open Access
» Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta
» Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs: Open Access
» Vaccines & Vaccination
   
Chemistry
» Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques
» Chromatography & Separation Techniques
» Medicinal Chemistry
» Organic Chemistry
» Physical Chemistry & Biophysics
» Thermodynamics & Catalysis
   
Environmental
» Aquaculture Research & Development
» Earth Science & Climatic Change
» Ecosystem & Ecography
» Environmental & Analytical Toxicology
» Geography & Natural Disasters
» Hydrology: Current Research
» Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology
   
Omics
» Computer Science & Systems Biology
» Data Mining in Genomics & Proteomics
» Glycomics & Lipidomics
» Health & Medical Informatics
» Metabolomics:Open Access
» Pharmacogenomics & Pharmacoproteomics
» Proteomics & Bioinformatics
   
Life Sciences
» Agrotechnology
» Autism-Open Access
» Bacteriology & Parasitology
» Biochemical Pharmacology
» Biochemistry & Physiology
» Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access
» Biochemistry and Analytical Biochemistry
» Biochips & Tissue Chips
» Bioenergetics
» Bioengineering & Biomedical Science
» Biofertilizers & Biopesticides
» Biometrics & Biostatistics
» Biomolecular Research & Therapeutics
» Bioremediation & Biodegradation
» Biosafety
» Biosensors & Bioelectronics
» Biotechnology & Biomaterials
» Bioterrorism & Biodefense
» Cell & Developmental Biology
» Chemotherapy
» Enzyme Engineering
» Fermentation Technology
» Forest Research
» Fungal Genomics & Biology
» Marine Science: Research & Development
» Medical Advancements in Genetic Engineering
» Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
» Membrane Science & Technology
» Microbial & Biochemical Technology
» Molecular Imaging & Dynamics
» Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery
» Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology
» Nutrition & Food Sciences
» Plant Pathology & Microbiology
» Primatology
» rDNA Technology
» Single Cell Genomics & Proteomics
» Social & Economical Issues of Biotechnology
» Tissue Science & Engineering
» Veterinary Science & Technology
» Virology & Mycology
» Vitamins & Trace Elements
» Women's Health Care
» Yoga & Physical Therapy
   
Engineering
» Advances in Automobile Engineering
» Advances in Robotics & Automation
» Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering
» Applied & Computational Mathematics
» Applied Mechanical Engineering
» Architectural Engineering Technology
» Astrophysics & Aerospace technology
» Bioprocessing & Biotechniques
» Chemical Engineering & Process Technology
» Civil & Environmental Engineering
» Electrical & Electronics
» Food Processing & Technology
» Geology and Geosciences
» Geophysics & Remote sensing
» Industrial Engineering & Management
» Information Technology & Software Engineering
» Irrigation and Drainage Systems Engineering
» Material Science & Engineering
» Powder Metallurgy & Mining
» Telecommunications System & Management
» Textile Science & Engineering
   
Medical Sciences
» Addiction Research & Therapy
» Air & Water borne Diseases
» Allergy & Therapy
» Alzheimers Disease & Parkinsonism
» Anaplastology
» Anatomy & Physiology
» Andrology
» Arthritis
» Autacoids
» Blood & Lymph
» Blood Disorders & Transfusion
» Brain Disorders & Therapy
» Clinical Case Reports
» Clinical Trials
» Cloning & Transgenesis
» Communicable & Noncommunicable Diseases
» Community Medicine & Health Education
» Dentistry
» Depression and Anxiety
» Diabetes & Metabolism
» Drug Designing
» Emergency Medicine
» Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome
» Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology
» Epidemiology: Open Access
» Ergonomics
» Family Medicine & Medical Science Reserch
» Fertilization : In Vitro
» Gastrointestinal & Digestive System
» Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy
» gerontology & Geriatrics Research
» Glycobiology
» Gynecology& Obstetrics
» Hair: Therapy & Transplantation
» Hereditary Genetics
» Homeopathy & Ayurvedic Medicine
» Human Genetics & Embryology
» Hypertension-Open Access
» Internal Medicine
» Liver
» Medical Diagnostic Methods
» Medical Microbiology & Diagnosis
» Metabolic Syndrome
» Molecular Biology
» Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis
» Mycobacterial Diseases
» Neonatal Biology
» Nephrology & Therapeutics
» Novel Physiotherapies
» Nuclear Medicine & Radiation Therapy
» Nursing & Care
» Nutritional Disorders & Therapy
» Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy
» OMICS Journal of Radiology
» Organ Biology
» Orthopedic & Muscular System
» Otolaryngology
» Pain & Relief
» Palliative Care & Medicine
» Pancreatic Disorders & Therapy
» Pediatrics & Therapeutics
» Primary Health Care: Open Access
» Psychology & Psychotherapy
» Reproductive System & Sexual Disorders
» Rheumatology: Current Research
» Sleep Disorders & Therapy
» Spine
» Sports Medicine & Doping Studies
» Steroids & Hormonal Science
» Surgery: Current Research
» Thyroid Disorders & Therapy
» Translational Medicine
» Trauma & Treatment
 
Management
» Accounting & Marketing
» Business and Financial Affairs
» Civil & Legal Sciences
» Defense Management
» Entrepreneurship& Organization Management
» Hotel & Business Management
» Industrial Engineering & Management
» Mass Communication & Journalism
» Stock & Forex Trading
» Socialomics
» Tourism & Hospitality
 
   Conferences
Upcoming Conferences
»3rd International Conference on Biomarkers & Clinical Research July 2-4, 2012 Las Vegas, USA.
»2nd International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics July 2-4, 2012 Las Vegas, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Orthopedics August 13-15, 2012 Chicago, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Rheumatology and Therapeutics August 14-15, 2012 Chicago, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Addiction Research & Therapy August 20-22, 2012 Las Vegas, USA.
»2nd World Congress on Virology August 20-22, 2012 Las Vegas, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Nephrology and Therapeutics August 20-22, 2012 Hilton Chicago/Northbrook Chicago, USA.
»2nd International Conference on Vaccines & Vaccination August 20-22, 2012 at Chicago, USA.
»World Congress on Earth Science & Climate Change August 21-22, 2012 Chicago, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on pathology August 27-29, 2012 Philadelphia, USA.
»International Conference on Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine August 27-29, 2012 Philadelphia, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Nutritional Science & Therapy-2012 August 27-29, 2012 Philadelphia, USA.
»International Conference on Central Nervous System September 5-7, 2012 Double by Hilton Philadephia, USA.
»International Conference on Occupational Health and Safety Summit September 5-7, 2012 Philadelphia, USA.
»International Conference on Hydrology and Groundwater Expo September 10-12, 2012 Hilton San Antonio Airport, USA.
»2nd World Congress on Cancer Science & Therapy September 10-12, 2012 San Antonio, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Biowaivers and Biosimilars September 10-12, 2012 San Antonio, TX, USA.
»3rd World Congress on Biotechnology September 13-15, 2012 HICC, Hyderabad, India
»International Conference on Biodiversity & Sustainable Energy Development September 14-15, 2012 Hyderabad, India.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Solar Systems and Power Generation Technologies September 14-15, 2012 Hyderabad International Convention Center, India.
» International Conference on Hotel and Business Management September 14-15, 2012 Hyderabad International Convention Center, India
»International Conference on Toxicology Summit & Expo September 17-19, 2012 San Antonio Texas, USA.
»International Conference on Translational medicine-2012, September 17-19, 2012 Holiday Inn San Antonio, Texas, USA.
»2nd International Conference on Pediatrics & Gynecology September 24-26, 2012, Hyderabad Marriott Hotel & Convention Centre , Hyderabad, India.
»3rd World Congress on Diabetes & Metabolism which is to be held on September 24-26, 2012 Marriott Convention Center, Hyderabad, India.
»International Conference on Tissue Science and Engineering October 1-3, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-North Shore, USA.
»International conference and Exhibition on Pharmacovigilance and Clinical Trials October 1-3, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-North Shore, USA.
»Omics International Integrative Biology Summit 2012 October 1-3, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-North Shore, USA.
»International Conference on Emerging Cell Therapies October 1-3, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-North Shore, USA.
»International Conference on Forensic Research & Technology October 15-17, 2012 at DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-North Shore, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Otolaryngology October 15-17, 2012 Chicago, USA.
»International conference on Biothreats and Biodefense October 15-17, 2012 at DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-North Shore, USA.
»International Conference on Genetic Syndromes & GeneTherapy November 19-21, 2012 at Hilton San Antonio Airport, USA.
»International Conference on Clinical and Cellular Immunology October 22-24, 2012 Las Vegas, USA.
»International Conference and Expo on Material science and Engineering October 22-24, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-North Shore, USA.
» International Expo and Conference on Analytrix & HPLC October 22-24, 2012 Hilton Northbrook, Chicago, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Computer Aided Drug Design & QSAR October 29-31, 2012, Chicago, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Personalized Medicine & Molecular Diagnostics during October 29-31, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-North Shore, USA.
»2nd World Congress on Cell Science and Stem Cell Research November 12-14, 2012 Hilton San Antonio Airport, USA.
»International Conference on Clinical Microbiology & Microbial Genomics November 12-14, 2012 San Antonio, USA.
»International Conference on Regenerative and Functional Medicine November 12-14, 2012 at San Antonio, Texas, USA.
»Global Biofuels and Bioproducts Summit November 19-21, 2012 San Antonio, USA.
»International Conference on Genetic Syndromes & GeneTherapy November 19 - 21, 2012 Hilton San Antonio Airport, USA
»International Conference and Exhibition on Probiotics-2012, November 19–21, 2012, Hilton San Antonio Airport, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Food Processing and Technology November 22-24, 2012 Hyderabad, India.
»3rd International Conference and Exhibition on Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques November 22-24, 2012 Hyderabad International Convention Center, India
»2ndInternational Conference and Exhibition on Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs November 23-24, 2012 HICC Hyderabad, India
»International Conference and Exhibition on Cosmetology & Cosmetics November 23-24, 2012 HICC Hyderabad, India.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Surgery & Transplantation November 26-28, 2012 Hilton San Antonio Airport, USA.
»International conference on Hair Transplantation and Trichology November 26-28, 2012 San Antonio, USA.
»International Conference on Anesthesia & Perioperative Care during November 26-28, 2012 San Antonio, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Obesity and Weight Management, December 3-5, 2012 at DoubleTree by Hilton Philadelphia, USA.
»International Summit on GMP & GCP: USA, Europe, Japan, Asia Pacific December 3-5, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Philadelphia Center City, USA
»International Conference on QA, QC and Validation, December 3-5, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Philadelphia Center City, USA
»2nd International Conference on Nanotek and Expo, December 3-5, 2012 DoubleTree by Hilton Philadelphia Center City, USA
Previous Conferences Organized/Co-organized
» International Conference and Exhibition on Neurology &Therapeutics May 14-16, 2012 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Biosensors & Bioelectronics May 14-16, 2012 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, USA.
»3rd World Congress on Bioavailability & Bioequivalence: Pharmaceutical R & D Summit March 26-28, 2012 Marriott Hotel, Hyderabad, India.
»International Conference & Exhibition on Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine March 12-14, 2012 Omaha, USA.
»World Congress on Gastroenterology and Urology March 12-14, 2012 Omaha, USA
»International Conference and Exhibition on Biometrics & Biostatistics March 5-7, 2012 Omaha, USA.
»2nd World Congress on Clinical & Experimental Dermatology March 5-7, 2012 Omaha, USA
»2nd World Congress on Clinical & Experimental Cardiology March 5-7, 2012 Omaha, USA.
» 2nd World Congress on Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology March 5-7, 2012 Omaha, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Metabolomics & Systems Biology February 20-22, 2012 San Francisco, USA.
»2nd World Congress on Pharmaceutics & Novel Drug Delivery Systems February 20-22, 2012 San Francisco, USA.
»2nd world Congress on Analytical and Bioanalytical Techniques 16-17 December 2011San franscico, USA.
»2nd World Congress on Diabetes & Metabolism 6-8 December 2011 Philadelphia, USA.
»World Congress on Pediatrics & Gynecology 6-8 December 2011 Philadelphia, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Cell Science & Stem Cell Research 29 Nov-1 Dec 2011 Philadelphia, USA.
»2nd World Congress on Biotechnology 29 Nov -1 Dec 2011 Philadelphia, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Vaccines & Vaccination 22-24 November 2011 Philadelphia, USA.
»2nd World Congress on Biomarkers & Clinical Research 12-14 September 2011 Baltimore, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Virology 5-7 September 2011 Baltimore, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs 6-7 September 2011 Baltimore, USA.
»International Conference and Exhibition on Cancer Science & Therapy 15-17 August 2011 Las Vegas, USA.
»International Conference on Clinical Research: Dermatology, Ophthalmology and Cardiology 5-6 July 2011 San Francisco, USA.
»International Conference & Exhibition on Proteomics & Bioinformatics 6-8 June 2011 HICC, Hyderabad, India.
»International Conference & Exhibition on Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 6-8 June 2011 HICC, Hyderabad, India.
»2nd World Congress on Bioavailability & Bioequivalence: Pharmaceutical R & D Summit 6-8 June 2011 Las Vegas, USA.
»International Conference on Pharmaceutics & Novel Drug Delivery Systems 7-8 June Las Vegas, USA.
»World Congress on Biotechnology 21-23 March 2011 Hyderabad, India.
»International Conference on Diabetes and Metabolism 13-14 December 2010 Santa Clara, USA.
»International Conference on Biomarkers & Clinical Research 22-23 November 2010 Santa Clara, USA
»International Conference and Exhibition on Analytical and Bioanalytical Techniques: Pharmaceutical R & D Summit 01 - 03 November 2010 Hyderabad, India
»International Conference & Exhibition on Bioequivalence & Bioavailability 2010, Pharmaceutical R & D Summit March 01-03, 2010.
»Integrating Glycomics with other Omics in Cancer Detection and Diagnosis, January 19-20, 2010, Stanford University School of Medicine.
»3rd World Congress of Gene-2009, December 1-7, 2009.
»7th Annual World Congress of International Drug Discovery Science & Technology, October 22-25.
»2nd WSA-2009, July 18-20, 2009
»1st CCSB-2009, February 16-17, 2009
»2nd PRICPS-4th AOHUPO, June 22-26, 2008
»95th ISCA, January 5-8, 2008

Search :     Advanced Search 

Home   |   Join   |   Contact     

    
Journal Details
 
 
Research Article Open Access
In Silico Screening Major Spice Phytochemicals for their Novel Biological Activity and Pharmacological Fitness
Bioinformatics Centre, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, Kerala 673 012
*Corresponding author: Dr. Riju A, Bioinformatics Centre,
Indian Institute of Spices Research,
Calicut, Kerala 673 012,
Phone: 04952731566,
E-mail: riju.aikkal@spices.res.in
 
Received June 27, 2009; Accepted August 27, 2009; Published August 28, 2009
 
Citation: Riju A, Sithara K, Nair SS, Shamina A, Eapen SJ (2009) In Silico Screening Major Spice Phytochemicals for their Novel Biological Activity and Pharmacological Fitness. J Bioequiv Availab 1: 063-073. doi:10.4172/jbb.1000010
 
Copyright: © 2009 Riju A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
 
Abstract
 
Spices have been known for ages as effective therapeutic food. The power of spices to impart biological activity is now slowly reemerging as an area of interest. We have screened 328 compounds present in five major spices  namely, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), nutmeg (Myristica  fragrans), garcinia (Garcinia cambogia), allspice (Pimenta dioica) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) for their biological activity as promising therapeutic compounds. Out of 328 compounds analyzed, ascorbic acid, nonaldehyde, delphinidin, malabaricone-B, malabaricone-C, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, α-bisabolol, cis-nerolidol, γ-eudesmol, hexan-1-ol and n-octanal were reported as non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic phytochemicals. Biological activity such as antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral (HIV), antitoxic, free radical scavenging, cardioprotectant, hepatoprotectant, antitussive, antihemorrhagic etc. were reported for these compounds. Drug likeness of the compounds were checked with WDI rule and Lipinski’s rule of 5. Since the drug research starts with identification of a ‘lead molecule’ with required biological activity, wide range of biological actions along with tox free findings may be efficiently used to develop lead candidate for human health benefits. The results of the study have been developed as a database. This can be accessed through www.spices.res.in/passcom.
 
Keywords
 
Phytochemicals, Biological activity, Drug likeness; In silico ADMET
 
Introduction
 
A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for the purpose of flavoring, and sometimes as a preservative by killing or preventing the growth of harmful bacteria. Many of these substances are also used for other purposes, such as medicine, religious, rituals, cosmetics, perfumery or as vegetables. Spices in general are carminative. The indigenous system of medicine has given an extra special place to spices because of their unique medicinal properties. The power of spices to impart biological activity is now slowly reemerging as an area of interest.
 
The use of computational tools in the prediction of ADME/Tox properties of compounds is growing rapidly in drug discovery as the benefits they provide in high throughput and early application in drug design are realized. Since 1960’s, experience in medicinal chemistry has shown that the rigorous application of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods to homogeneous classes of chemicals inducing the same type of biological activity permits formulation of efficient quantitative models. These QSAR models contribute both to the elucidation of the action mechanisms and to the prediction of the biological activity of yet untested chemicals (Hansch, 1990). The use of QSAR methods has been exported from medicinal chemistry, where they presently constitute a basic building block in the design of new drugs, to the study of biological activities, including toxicity.
 
Numerous examples exist of drugs being withdrawn because of unacceptable toxicity in clinical trials and even after reaching the market-place. If these expensive failures can be identified and eliminated early in the drug discovery process, there is considerable scope for improving the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the industry. The maxim ‘Fail early, fail fast, fail cheaply’ is now firmly embedded in the minds of all drug discovery research managers. Since a typical drug takes 10–12 years, and costs up to US$500 million, to reach the market, it is important to discover its potential toxicity at an early stage. With the advent of cheminformatics tools and accuracy in predicting the toxicity in silico, the cost has reduced dramatically.
 
Materials and Methods
 
A total of 328 compounds present in five major spices cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), garcinia (Garcinia cambogia), allspice (Pimenta dioica L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) were screened for their biological activity for use as promising therapeutic compounds. The structure of these chemical compounds were obtained from PubChem (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and ChemSpider (http://www.chemspider.com/) and each chemical compound was drawn with chemical drawing tools such as ACD/ChemSketch and saved in the ‘.mol’ file format. The biological activities of the compounds were predicted individually with the help of PASS (Predicted Activity Spectrum for Substances) server (http://195.178.207.233/PASS/). ADME/T (Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion and Toxicity) properties were analyzed through computational methods such as PreADMET server (http://preadmet.bmdrc.org/) and Discoverygate database browser (https://www.discoverygate.com). Drug likeness of the compounds was tested with WDI rule and Lipinski’s rule of 5.
 
Results and Discussion
 
Biological activity is one of the most important characteristics of a chemical compound reflecting its interaction with living organisms. Three hundred and twenty eight compounds present in five major spices selected for this study have been listed in Table 1. The biological activities of each compound were predicted individually with the help of PASS (Predicted Activity Spectrum for Substances) server (Filimonov & Poroikov, 1996). ADME/T (Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion and Toxicity) properties were analyzed through computational methods such as PreADMET server and Discoverygate database browser. The server predicted mutagenicity to Salmonella strains - TA98, TA100 and TA1535 which are often used in Ames test (Ames et al., 1972) and the results were calculated both with consideration of metabolite (Metabolic activation by rat liver 10% homogenate, +S9) and without consideration of metabolite (no metabolic activation, -S9). The actual value of the prediction result is "positive" or "negative". The carcinogenicity was predicted based on the result from its model, which is built from the data of NTP (National Toxicology Program) and US FDA. Of the 328 compounds only 12 compounds were non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic, all others showed toxicity either as mutagen or carcinogen. The 12 non-toxic compounds are ascorbic-acid, nonaldehyde, delphinidin, malabaricone-b, malabaricone-c, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, α-bisabolol, cis-nerolidol, γ-eudesmol, hexan-1-ol and n-octanal. The healing activity of malabaricone B and malabaricone C, the major antioxidant constituents of the spice Myristica malabarica against the indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in mice was reported earlier (Banerjee et al., 2008). α-Bisabolol has antibacterial and antifungal activities, an indication of its defensive functions in plants (Mitova et al., 2003). It has promising activity against gram–negative and gram–positive bacteria. α-Bisabolol has long been used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, healing and soothing and anti-microbial properties. α-Bisabolol is well suited for use in skin care preparations and can be useful in both sensitive skin and child/ baby products as a soothing agent.Delphinidin possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties and is reported as a novel agent against human prostate cancer (PCa) (Hafeez et al., 2008). α -Bisabolol, was found to have a strong time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on human and rat glioma cells (Elisabetta et al., 2004). Quercetrin and isoquercitrin are effective eosinophilic inflammation suppressors, suggesting a potential for treating allergies (Rogerio et al., 2007). Apart from these we have identified compounds with biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral (HIV), antitoxic, free radical scavenging, cardioprotectant, hepatoprotectant, antitussive, antihemorrhagic, immunostimulant etc. Important predicted activities of each compound is list in Table 2. Drug likeness of the compounds were checked by WDI rule and Lipinski’s rule of 5. Since drug research starts with identification of a ‘lead molecule’ with required biological activity, a wide range of biological actions along with tox free findings may be efficiently used to develop lead candidates for human health benefits. The effects described herein, as well as those observed by others investigators, together with the broad spectrum of the biological effects of these substances, strongly suggest that the compounds mentioned above have various therapeutic implications. The results of the study have been made as a database. This can be accessed through www.spices.res.in/passcom.
 

Table 1: Druglikness and Toxicity prediction of 328 compounds from 5 spices.

*suitable if its binding affinity is greater than 0.1 microM.

 

Table 2: List of non toxic compounds having biological activity predicted by in silico method.

 
Acknowledgements
 
This work was supported by a grant from Department of Biotechnology (BTISnet), Government of India, New Delhi, India.
 
References
 
  1. Ames BN, Gurney EG, Miller JA, Bartsch H (1972) Carcinogens as frameshift mutagens: Metabolites and derivatives of 2–acetylamino?uorene and other aromatic amine carcinogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 69: 3128-3132. »  CrossRef  »  PubMed  »  Google Scholar

  2. This article is not included in your organization’s subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organization’s agreement with Elsevier.

  3. Banerjee D, Bauri AK, Guha RK, Bandyopadhyay SK, Chattopadhyay S (2008) Healing properties of
    malabaricone B and malabaricone C, against indomethacin- induced gastric ulceration and mechanism
    of action. European Journal of Pharmacology 578: pp300-312. »  CrossRef  »  PubMed  »  Google Scholar

  4. Elisabetta C, Sofia M, Cinzia F, de Prati Alessandra C, Rossella G, et al. (2004) Alpha-Bisabolol, a nontoxic natural compound, strongly induces apoptosis in glioma cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 315: 589-94. »  CrossRef  »  PubMed  »  Google Scholar

  5. Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV (1996) PASS: Computerized prediction of biological activity spectra for
    chemical substances. Bioactive Compound Design: Possibilities for Industrial Use, BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, pp47-56. »  CrossRef  »  Google Scholar

  6. Hafeez BB, Siddiqui IA, Asim M, Malik A, Afaq F, et al. (2008) A Dietary Anthocyanidin Delphinidin Induces Apoptosis of Human Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells In vitro and In vivo: Involvement of Nuclear Factor- KB Signaling. Cancer Research 68: 8564-8572. »  CrossRef  »  PubMed  »  Google Scholar

  7. Hansch C (1990) Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry, Quantitative Drug Design. Oxford: Pergamon
    Press.

  8. Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ (1997) Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv Drug Del Revs 23: 3- 25. »  CrossRef  »  PubMed  »  Google Scholar

  9. Mitova M, Taskova R, Popov S, Berger RG, Krings U, et al. (2003) GC/MS Analysis of Some Bioactive
    Constituents from Carthamus lanatus L. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C 58c: 697-703. »  CrossRef  »  PubMed  »  Google Scholar

  10. Rogerio AP, Kanashiro A, Fontanari C, da Silva EVG, Lucisano-Valim YM, et al. (2007) Anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and isoquercitrin in experimental murine allergic asthma. Inflamm Res 56: 402-408. »  CrossRef  »  PubMed  »  Google Scholar

 
 
 
This Article
DOWNLOAD
» XML (78 kB)
» PDF (1,789 kB)
» Citation
   
CONTRIBUTE
» Write a Response
» Read other Responses
» Publishing with OPG
   
SHARE
» E-mail This Article
» Print This Article
» Rights and Permissions
   
Share
EXPLORE
Related Article at
» Pubmed
» DOAJ
» Scholar Google
 
 
 
 
Untitled Document
| More
OMICS Publishing Group: An Open Access Publisher
OMICS Publishing Group is the member of/publishing partner of/source content provider to
All Published content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.