| Chemicals | 
        Population    (n=3)
                CFU/carrier | 
       
      
        | Not added (Control) | 
        2.80×103  | 
       
      
        | 0.1% CaCO3 | 
        4.61×103  | 
       
      
        | 0.2% Calcium lactate | 
        4.33×103  | 
       
      
        | 0.1% Panvitan powder | 
        2.76×103  | 
       
      
        | L-alanine at 100 μg/ml | 
        4.44×103  | 
       
      
        | D-alanine at 100 μg/ml | 
        1.95×103  | 
       
      
        | L-serine at 100 μg/ml | 
        2.50×103  | 
       
      
        | 0.2% MgCl2 | 
        2.86×103  | 
       
      
        | 0.1% Amino acid    mixture | 
        4.17×103  | 
       
      
        | 0.5% Sodium pyruvate | 
        4.73×103  | 
       
      
        | Lysozyme from egg    white at 100 μg/ml | 
        2.14×103  | 
       
      
        | ATP at 100 μg/ml | 
        2.66×103  | 
       
     
    BI of B. atrophaeus ATCC 9372 was treated with dry heating at 160°C for 5 min |