Variables Presence of  visual  impairment n = 29 Mean ± SD or n(%) Absence of visual impairment n = 66 Mean ± SD or n(%) P Age (years) 60.3± 11.8 50±12.1 < 0.001* DM duration (years) 9.7± 7.2 8.7 ± 7.7 0.545 Sex       Men 8(27.6) 25(37.9) 0.332 Women 21(72.4) 41(62.1)    Family history of DM 27(93.1) 58(87.9) 0.445 Total obesity 10(34.5) 21(31.8) 0.447 High SES 8(27.6) 21(31.8) 0.680 Cataract 24(82.7) 25(37.7) <0.01* Smoking 9(31) 8(12.1) 0.027*

Table 4: Characteristics of 95 patients with diabetic retinopathy stratified by the presence of visual impairment.