Cytokines Sources Functions IL-12 Dendritic cells [147-149] Promotes T cell proliferation and differentiation [134,150]   Neutrophils [151-153] Promotes NK cell responses [129,154]   Inflammatory monocytes [153,155] Promotes IFN-γ production [122,149] IFN-γ NK cells [137,145,154] Promotes iNOS expression [158]   CD4+ T cells [159] Promotes p47 GTP-ase-mediated killing of T. gondii [160,161]   CD8+ T cells [159] Promotes tryptophan degradation [135,162-164] TNF-α Neutrophils [151,165] Promotes macrophage activation [166]   Dendritic cells [165] Promotes control of parasite in non-hematopoietic cells [167]   Macrophages [168]     Microglia [169] Promotes iNOS expression [138,170-172]   T cells [173]   IL-6 Monocytes [174] Necessary for optimal neutrophil responses [175]   Astroglia [176] Necessary for optimal IFN-γ responses [175]   Stromal cells [177]     Retinal pigment epithelial cells [178]   LT-α Lymphocytes [179] Necessary for normal secondary lymphoid architecture [180]     Necessary for optimal antibody and IFN-γ responses early during infection [138]     Necessary for optimal expression of iNOS [170] IL-10 NK cells [181] Inhibits CD4+ T cell-mediated pathology [182]   Macrophages [183]     CD4+ T cells [184]     CD8+ T cells [183]   IL-27 Antigen-presenting cells [185] Inhibits IL-17 production [186]     Inhibits IL-2 production [187]     Promotes IL-10 production [188]     Promotes PD-L1 expression [189] CD40L (surface protein) Expressed on T cells [190] Promotes TH1 responses in humans [191]     Promotes iNOS expression [192]     Promotes xenophagic killing of T. gondii [193] Numbers in parentheses denote reference nos

Table 8: Cytokines necessary for survival during T. gondii infection (according to Dupont et al. [146]; with own modification).