| |
Diabetic |
Non-diabetic |
| |
|
|
p-values |
|
|
|
p-values |
| EBGS (N=479) |
LIPUS (N=183) |
No-stim (N=742) |
EBGS vs. No- stim |
LIPUS vs. No- stim |
EBGS vs. LIPUS |
EBGS (N=2951) |
LIPUS (N=1251) |
No-stim (N=6022) |
EBGS vs. No- stim |
LIPUS vs. No- stim |
EBGS vs. LIPUS |
| % |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
| Age |
1.7 |
1.1 |
1.8 |
<0.01 |
0.11 |
0.51 |
11.4 |
10.5 |
16.0 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
0.48 |
| 18–24 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 25–34 |
3.1 |
1.1 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
10.2 |
9.3 |
11.5 |
|
|
|
| 35–44 |
9.4 |
10.9 |
9.6 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
17.7 |
17.7 |
|
|
|
| 45–54 |
35.7 |
33.3 |
24.5 |
|
|
|
30.9 |
31.6 |
28.3 |
|
|
|
| 55–64 |
50.1 |
53.6 |
62.1 |
|
|
|
28.7 |
30.9 |
26.4 |
|
|
|
| Gender |
42.2 |
47.5 |
47.0 |
0.10 |
0.90 |
0.21 |
39.9 |
39.6 |
49.8 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
0.89 |
| Male |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Female |
57.8 |
52.5 |
53.0 |
|
|
|
60.1 |
60.4 |
50.2 |
|
|
|
| Insurance plan type* |
2.7 |
0.5 |
5.5 |
0.11 |
0.10 |
0.12 |
3.1 |
2.4 |
3.7 |
0.13 |
0.02 |
0.07 |
| Comprehensive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EPO |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
| HMO |
17.3 |
11.5 |
13.5 |
|
|
|
14.2 |
13.7 |
15.0 |
|
|
|
| POS |
8.1 |
8.2 |
6.9 |
|
|
|
10.2 |
10.2 |
8.9 |
|
|
|
| PPO |
67.0 |
72.7 |
69.5 |
|
|
|
65.5 |
68.9 |
66.9 |
|
|
|
| POS w/ capitation† |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
0.7 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
| CDHP |
0.8 |
2.7 |
1.5 |
|
|
|
2.8 |
1.8 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
| Missing/unknown |
2.7 |
3.3 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
3.0 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
|
|
|
| U.S. Region |
12.1 |
10.4 |
9.3 |
<0.01 |
0.01 |
0.10 |
14.3 |
9.0 |
9.5 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
| Northeast |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NorthCentral |
22.5 |
26.2 |
31.8 |
|
|
|
22.4 |
20.5 |
28.4 |
|
|
|
| South |
47.2 |
52.5 |
42.3 |
|
|
|
42.5 |
51.4 |
40.4 |
|
|
|
| West |
15.2 |
7.7 |
15.2 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
16.7 |
19.9 |
|
|
|
| Unknown |
2.9 |
3.3 |
1.3 |
|
|
|
2.0 |
2.5 |
1.9 |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Charlson comorbidity index‡ |
63.9 |
61.2 |
57.5 |
0.03 |
0.37 |
0.52 |
|
|
|
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.80 |
| CCI = 2 |
|
|
|
4.6 |
4.1 |
4.3 |
|
|
|
| CCI >= 3 |
36.1 |
38.8 |
42.5 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
|
|
|
| Fracture-related Comorbidities |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diabetes |
NA |
NA |
NA |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
| Osteoporosis |
5.4 |
6.0 |
5.3 |
0.90 |
0.69 |
0.77 |
5.0 |
4.4 |
3.9 |
0.01 |
0.37 |
0.42 |
| Malnutrition |
0.0 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.05 |
0.71 |
0.02 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.18 |
0.62 |
0.62 |
| Anemia |
15.5 |
16.4 |
18.5 |
0.17 |
0.51 |
0.77 |
5.4 |
7.3 |
6.0 |
0.28 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
| Smoking |
0.0 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.26 |
0.56 |
0.11 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.37 |
0.87 |
0.63 |
| Excessive alcohol drinking |
0.8 |
0.0 |
0.9 |
0.84 |
0.19 |
0.21 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
0.8 |
0.80 |
0.11 |
0.17 |
| Received chemotherapy |
4.2 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
0.39 |
0.98 |
0.60 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
0.90 |
0.03 |
0.06 |
| Received steroid |
22.1 |
24.0 |
22.0 |
0.95 |
0.55 |
0.60 |
18.5 |
21.1 |
18.1 |
0.69 |
0.01 |
0.05 |
| Received NSAIDs |
27.6 |
27.3 |
23.7 |
0.13 |
0.31 |
0.95 |
27.4 |
25.6 |
23.0 |
<0.01 |
0.05 |
0.23 |
| OADs and insulin use |
|
|
|
0.03 |
0.57 |
0.03 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Neither |
40.7 |
51.4 |
47.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Insulin only |
15.7 |
10.4 |
10.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| OADs only |
30.9 |
23.5 |
28.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Both insulin and OADs |
12.7 |
14.8 |
13.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*Acronyms for Insurance Plan Types include: Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO), Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), Point of Service (POS), Preferred Provider
Organization (PPO) and Consumer-Directed Health Plan (CDHP)
†Capitation pays a physician or group of physicians a set amount for each enrolled person assigned to them, per period of time, whether or not that person seeks care
‡The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) predicts the ten-year mortality rate for individuals diagnosed with a range of co-morbid conditions. Each comorbid condition
is assigned a score (1,2,3, or 6) relative to the mortality risk associated with the condition. Higher scores indicate a higher mortality risk. CCI =2 includes hemiplegia,
paraplegia, moderate to severe renal disease, diabetes, diabetes with chronic complications, any malignancy, leukemia, lymphoma, cellulitis, and skin ulcers. CCI=3
includes moderate to severe liver disease, AIDS, and metastatic solid tumors |
