| References |
Study |
Population |
Follow-up |
Study end-points |
Relative risk
(95% CI) |
Adjusting factors |
| Hiller et al. [3] |
Framingham Heart & Eye Study |
206 type 2 DM |
N/A
(cross-sectional study) |
Cardiovascular events, i.e. CHD, intermittent claudication, congestive heart failure, and stroke |
14.3
(2.7-101.9)
For ages 52-64 years |
Sex, duration of diabetes, age at diagnosis of diabetes, and history of insulin treatment |
| Miettinen et al. [4] |
|
1,059 Finnish type 2 DM subjects |
7 years |
CHD death or nonfatal myocardial infarction |
2.12
(1.02-4.39) for PDR |
Age, area, sex, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking, hypertension, urinary protein, A1c |
| Klein et al. [7] |
Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR) |
996 younger onset (<30 years of age at diagnosis & taking insulin) & 1370 older-onset DM patients |
16 years |
All-cause & cause-specific mortality |
All-cause mortality: mild
NPDR 1.34 (1.29–
1.71) and PDR
1.89 (1.43–2.50); CHD
mortality: mild
NPDR 1.21 (0.95–
1.53) and PDR
1.43 (0.94–2.17); stroke
mortality: mild
NPDR 1.30 (0.92–
1.85) and PDR
1.88 (1.03–3.43) |
Age, sex, duration of
diabetes, A1C, systolic
blood pressure, prior
CVD, smoking (pack-years),
diuretic use |
| Fuller et al. [50] |
World Health
Organization Multinational
Study of Vascular Disease
in Diabetes |
1390 type 2 DM |
12 years |
CVD mortality |
1.2 (0.8–1.8) in men and
2.7 (1.8–4.1) in women |
Age, duration of
diabetes, systolic
blood pressure,
cholesterol, smoking,
proteinuria,
electrocardiographic
abnormalities, glucose |
| Faglia et al. [5] |
Milan Study on Atherosclerosis (MiSAD) |
735 Italian type 2 DM |
5 years |
Cardiac death, myocardial infarction, resting angina, and effort angina |
2.37 (1.06–5.31) |
Age, sex, diabetes duration |
| Van Hecke et al. [8] |
Hoorn Study |
631 nonDM & DM subjects |
10.7 years (median) |
All-cause and
CVD mortality |
All-cause mortality in DM
subjects 2.05 (1.23–3.44);
CVD mortality in DM
subjects 2.20 (1.03–4.70) |
Age & sex |
| Cusick et al. [9] |
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) |
2267 type 2 DM |
5 years |
All-cause mortality |
Moderate NPDR
1.27 (0.94–1.72);
Severe NPDR 1.48 (1.03– 2.15);
mild PDR 1.28 (0.80– 0.06); moderate/ high PDR 2.02 (1.28–3.19) |
Age, sex, BMI, A1C, total cholesterol, triglycerides,
fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, daily insulin use, the use of
antihypertensive medications, other baseline diabetes
complications |
| Targher et al. [64] |
Valpolicella Heart Diabetes Study |
248 type 2 DM developed CVD & 496 type 2 DM control subjects |
5 years |
Nonfatal CHD (i.e. MI and
coronary revascularization), ischemic stroke, or cardiovascular death |
NPDR 1.8 (1.2–2.3);
PDR 4.1 (2.0–8.9) |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking
history, plasma lipids,
A1C, diabetes
duration, diabetes
treatment |
| Juutilainen et al. [6] |
|
824 Finnish type 2 DM (425 men, 399 female) |
18 years |
All-cause, CVD & CHD mortality |
Men: all-cause mortality 1.34 (0.98 –1.83), CVD mortality 1.30 (0.86 –1.96), & CHD mortality 1.18 (0.74 –1.89) for BDR, 3.05 (1.70 –5.45), 3.32 (1.61– 6.78), & 2.54 (1.07– 6.04),
respectively, for PDR;
Females: 1.61 (1.17–2.22), 1.71 (1.17–2.51),
and 1.79 (1.13–2.85), respectively, for BDR, 2.92 (1.41– 6.06), 3.17
(1.38 –7.30), and 4.98 (2.06 –12.06), respectively, for PDR |
Current smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glycaemic control of diabetes,
duration of diabetes, and proteinuria |
| Cheung et al. [10] |
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) |
214 American type 2 DM |
7.8 years |
Incident CHD events, i.e. myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, or coronary revascularisation |
Incident CHD: 2.07 (1.38-3.11)
Fatal CHD: 3.35 (1.4-8.01) |
Age, sex, race, study centre, fasting glucose, A1C, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, antihypertensive
treatment, cigarette smoking, BMI, and lipid profile, |
| Liew et al. [65] |
Blue Mountains Eye Study |
199 Australian type 2 DM |
12 years |
CHD deaths |
2.21 (1.2-4.05) |
Age, gender, smoking, hypertension |
| Gimeno-Orna et al. [51] |
|
458 type 2 DM |
6.7 years |
Nonfatal or fatal CVD (i.e. unstable angina including
revascularization, nonfatal/ fatal MI, TIA, nonfatal
/fatal stroke, lower-leg amputation, terminal CHF, sudden death). |
NPDR 1.71 (1.1-2.66); PDR 2.95 (1.1-3.56) |
Age, gender, blood pressure, smoking status, total
cholesterol/HDL ratio, A1c, body mass index, diabetes duration,
insulin treatment, baseline coronary heart disease,
stroke or lower-leg ischemia, baseline UAE, and glomerular
filtration rate |
Abbreviations: A1c: Glycated Haemoglobin; BDR: Background Diabetic Retinopathy; BMI: Body Mass Index; CHD: Coronary Heart Disease; CHF: Congestive Heart
Failure; CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; MI: Myocardial Infarction; NPDR: Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy; PDR: Proliferative Diabetic
Retinopathy; TIA: Transient Ischaemic Attack; UAE: Urinary Albumin Excretion |
