Table 1

Target population	Average potential outcome	Approach
Target population	Average potential outcome	Model-based standardization	Inverse probability weighting	Doubly robust estimation
Total	E(Y₁)
	E(Y₀)
Exposed	E(Y₁ \| A = 1)
	E(Y₀ \| A = 1)
Unexposed	E(Y₁ \| A = 0)
	E(Y₀ \| A = 0)

Table 1: The estimators from the model-based standardization approach, inverse probability weighting approach, and doubly robust estimation.