Figure 8: Mathematical model showing the design space of the frequency of nanoparticle-antibody conjugates is changed based on different electrical conductivities and sizes of nanoparticles. Changing the dielectric constant value (i.e. changing the material) results in a shift upwards or downwards with respect to the frequency axis. The above plot shows the frequency behavior of 5 nm nanoparticles with a dielectric constant of 6.58, which is the average value of the materials researched. Such a design space can be used when selecting material and nanoparticle sizes in the eventual construction of multiplexed, electrochemical impedance based biosensor.