Figure 3: Neural processing of the glutamate information from the stomach. Brain activation was continuously monitored after gastric application of glutamate, using functional MRI technique (4.5T). A: 3D reconstruction images after gastric loading of 60 mmol/L glutamate solution. Red region means increase of neural activities. B: fMRI image after intra-gastric administrations of glutamate and glucose. Almost all gastric glutamate-mediated signaling was diminished by the total vagotomy (TVX), but gastric glucose (120 mmol/L) -mediated signaling was not affected by the TVX. Data were referred to Tsurugizawa et al. [32,33].