Open esophagectomy (OE)
                Cervical esophagectomy
McKeownesophagectomy (3-phase esophagectomy)
                Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (through laparotomy and right thoracotomy)
                Transhiatalesophagectomy without thoracotomy
                Left thoracoabdominalesophagectomy
Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE)
                Total MIE (thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy)
                Hybrid MIE (either thoracoscopic or laparoscopic esophagectomy)
                Laparoscopic-assisted transhiatalesophagectomy
                Video-assisted mediastinoscopictranshiatalesophagectomy
                Robot-assisted MIE