| 
      *Data from 3 or 4 animals only as in some tissues epithelial layer was damaged.
    $- Statistical differences between the control vs antibiotics, control vs gnotobiotic,
    and antibiotic vs gnotobiotic groups were calculated and P-value of ≤0.05 was
    considered significant. No significant differences in various compartments were
    obtained as P-values between different treatments were ≥0.05.
        | Tissue    compartment | TLR9$ |  
        | Control | Antibiotic | Gnotobiotic |  
        | Dome    epithelial surface | 1.75 ± 0.25 | 1.50 ± 0.29 | 0.50 ± 0.28* |  
        | Villous    epithelial surface | 1.75 ± 0.25 | 1.50 ± 0.29 | 0.75 ± 0.25* |  
        | Villous    goblet cells | 0.50 ± 0.50 | 0 ± 0 | 0.25 ± 0.25* |  
        | Crypt epithelial    surface | 0.50 ± 0.29 | 1 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |  
        | Dome | 1.60 ± 0.24 | 1.20 ± 0.20 | 1 ± 0 |  
        | Corona | 1.20 ± 0.20 | 0.80 ± 0.37 | 0.80 ± 0.19 |  
        | Follicle | 1.33 ± 0.21 | 1.40 ± 0.24 | 1 ± 0 |  
        | Inter    follicular area | 0.67 ± 0.21 | 0.60 ± 0.24 | 0.67 ± 0.21 |  |