Figure 3: Effect of Th1-chemokines on HIV-1 pathogenesis. HIV-1 infected cells generate inflammatory cytokines. Activation of CXCL10 signaling and upregulation of CXCR3 receptors in target NK and T cells results in their recruitment at the site of infection. Further, HIV-1 infected APCs migrate to to LNs and present viral peptides to Th1 cells. CXCL10 signaling chemoattracts activated Th1-lymphocytes (CXCR3+) to LNs and concomitantly suppress Th2 cell migration in response to CCR3 ligand. Deregulation of CXCL10 signaling by HIV-1 can contribute to polarization of T-cell recruitment and immunodeficiency. CXCL10 induction in brain leads to neuronal damage and progression to HAND.