| Abbrev. |
Marker |
Cellular function |
| HIF-1α |
Hypoxia Inducible factor 1 |
Increases during hypoxia and mediates expression of genes that modulate energy metabolism, angiogenesis and cell survival [5,11]. |
| PDK-1 |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase |
Inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), blocking conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and preventing access to the citric acid (Krebs) cycle [5]. |
| mTOR |
Mammalian target of rapamycin |
Integrates growth signals, energy status and other parameters to control protein synthesis, cellular growth and proliferation [11]. |
| CA-9 |
Carbonic Anhydrase 9 |
Transmembrane protein modulates microenvironment pH, up-regulated under hypoxic conditions [10]. |
| HK-2 |
Hexokinase 2 |
Phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, trapping it in the cell and feeding glycolysis [5]. |
| pAMPK |
Phosphorylated AMP activated protein kinase |
Activated by low levels of ATP, it regulates energy homeostasis by increasing ATP production and stimulating catabolic pathways. |
