Family

Physiological Effects

Alpha (α)

Blocks nicotinic receptors. Produces muscle paralysis

delta (δ)

Inhibits the fast inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels.

epsilon (ε)

Affects presynaptic calcium channels needed for action potential activity.

iota (ι)

Agonist at sodium gated channels with no delayed inactivation.

kappa (κ)

Antagonist of potassium gated channels. Interferes with repolarization.

mu (µ)

Antagonist of sodium gated channels.

rho (ρ)

Impacts alpha-adrenal receptors affecting blood pressure and smooth muscle.

sigma (σ)

Affects serotonin activity. Impacts mood, appetite and stress control

chi (χ)

Affects neuronal adrenergic transporter.

omega (ω)

Works on voltage gated calcium channels.

Conantokins

Antagonize glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, at N-methyl- D-aspartate receptors.

Conopressins

Modulate vasopressin/oxytocin receptors. Increases blood pressure.