Figure 1: F. novicida adhesion and invasion of lung epithelial cells. A. Number of F. novicida adhered to A549 human type II alveolar epithelial cells and LA4 murine bronchial epithelial cells compared to a non-invasive, nonpathogenic E. coli strain. B. Number of F. novicida that invaded A549 human type II alveolar epithelial cells and LA4 murine bronchial epithelial cells compared to a non-invasive, non-pathogenic E. coli strain. C. Percent invasion rate by F. novicida for A549 human type II alveolar epithelial cells and LA4 murine bronchial epithelial cells compared to a non-invasive, non-pathogenic E. coli strain. F. novicida shows a significantly higher degree of invasion for both cell types when compared to E. coli. * = P< 0.05, ** = P< 0.005, *** = P< 0.0005.