Table 1

Code	Study site	country	Climate	Reference			Objective		Results and remark
The Scientific fact of sulphur cycle
1	Pantnagar	India	Sub temperate	Seth et al. [17]				Finding best form of composting	Results of pot study established that aerobic composting of sulphinated pressmud produced maximum yield and nutrient up take.
2	Kalyani	India	Sub tropical	Acharya et al. [18]				Identification of best cropping sequence	Study results supported application of sulphur cycle, although the researchers did not visualize this scientific fact in justifying their yield results.
3	Estanbul	Turkey	Mediterranean	Cimrin et. al. [12]				Nutrient uptake for plant growth and yield	Field study results showed response of S uptake in promoting growth and yield.
5	Lab study	France	-	Unsal and Sonay [22]				Study on characteristics of humic acid.	Study reported carbon content C value ranging close to C value of soil. N content of sewage sludge and brewery sludge were found much higher than others’. No attempt on evaluation of S reveals no visualization of working of sulphur cycle.
6	Tolosan	France	Lab study	Eyheraguibel et al. [13]				To study effect of HLS on growth of corn.	Transformed and enhanced lignocelluloses in liquid humic like substance (HLS) on maize under hydroponic condition revealed that germination percentage was not influenced, but increased elongation of roots, development of lateral roots, shoot and leaf biomass. However researchers could not scientifically justify the response. Uptake of sulphate improved build up of tissues that proved the role of S uptake under the experimental condition.
7	France	France	Field study	Masciandra et al. [23]				Mineralisation and mineral nutrition interaction	Soil productivity was increased by mineral nutrient derived from organic matter mineralization.
Implications of sulphur cycle
8	Northern China	China	Temperate	Liping et al, [43]	Water saving in cultivation of rice.				In China 8000 kg/ha with 900 mm yield could save 40-70% water without any yield loss by applying alternate wet and dry situation under wet land condition. In upland sites aerobic rice yielded 2400-3600 kg/ha using 750-1100 mm total water. Innovative application of sulphur cycle was not visualized.
9	Northern China	China	Temperate	Yang et al. [25]	Productivity of aerobic rice varieties.				Water productivity of aerobic rice varieties was higher under aerobic condition or at par with non aerobic under flooded condition. No revealance of application of sulphur cycle.
10	Near Beijing	China	Aerobic rice.	Zhang et al. [28]	Optimization of nutrient management.				No effect of AWDT on grain yield was found, but, responded to increase in application of N rate. Timing of fertilizer application should be adjusted to balance crop demand before and after antheses Mg was suspected to be cause of low rice yield under aerobic condition. No monitoring of S reveals no visualization of scientific fact of sulphur cycle.
11	Ludhiana	India	Semi Arid climate	Yadav et al. [3,4]	Water saving versus yield of paddy				Flooded rice produced maximum yield. AWDT resulted in yield loss/ penalty (reduction in yield.).At 70kPa yield loss was 25 %. Flooding for 20 days at panicle initiation and flowering produced maximum yield under AWDT. No monitoring of S proved no visualization of working of sulphur cycle in paddy field.
12	Mathura	India	Semi arid	Yadav et al. [6]	Poisoning in well water by H2S				H2S poisoning in shallow well containing 150 cm water caused death of three young men who entered the well for cleaning and deepening of well.
13	Agra	India	Semi arid	Yadav and Srivastav [7]	Residue management for nutrient supplementation.				Incorporation of residue and convening aerobic decomposition in the field is highly useful in supplementing S requirement of crops.
14	Ludhiana	India	Semi arid	Brar et al. [24]	Residue management in paddy wheat cropping system				Total incorporation of paddy residue in field and its aerobic decomposition produced sulphate that was used by the wheat crop. However, applicability of sulphur cycle was not visible in the experimental study.
15	Sanjang plain	China	Wetland ecosystem	Jingshuan and Xinhua [16]	Sulphur accumulation in wetland ecosystem				Sulphur accumulates in wetland ecosystem that may cause acidity in lake due to mixing of H2Sin bottom layer of lake water.
Decomposition of slurry drawn from waste water stream and other wastes for nutrient conversion
16	Michigan	USA	Temperate	Glysson et al. [5]	Water processing				Industrialized composting of solid waste on fast and promoted aerobic decomposition was carried out. Nutrient content not of S was not seen important that reveals no visualization of perception of sulphur cycle application in the process development.
17	Tigard,Oregon	USA	Ostara’s nutrient recovery system	John [19]	Ostaras pearl nutrient recovery system				Ostara’s pearl nutrient recovery system which converts waste in to small round palletsrich in phosphorus, magnesium and nitrogen slow releases nutrients. Crystal green is sold to Golf course to nurture turfs and nurseries for greening ornamental plants and shrubs. The organic waste an aerobically digested N,P,K and Mg are extracted to make use of. Sulphur cycle was not visualized.
18	Harbin	China	Laboratory	Zhao and Ding [20]	Nutrient recovery from solid wastes				Nitrogen and phosphorus recovered from the waste stream were converted in the form of straiten (MgNH₄PO₄.6H₂O) magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP). Nutrient laden waste water included urine, land fill leachate, industrial waste water and side stream in waste water treatment plant etc. Several types of struvite reactors were introduced and compared. The study did not visualize functioning of sulphur cycle.
19	Wageningen	Netherlands	Anaerobic decomposition.	Vanlier et al., 2011 [15]	Pre treatment of heavy waste laden stream water use				Anaerobic pre treatment of high concentration of N, P, and K were extracted and applied directly to the field crops. Various options of anaerobic pretreatment plant embedded in centralized or decentralized pretreatment use this concept. No visualization of application of sulphur cycle was observed.
Application of green manuring in paddy-wheat cropping system
20	Aligarh	India	Sub tropical	Singh et al., 1977 [26]	Role of green manuring for increasing yield				Organic fertilizers such as FYM (farm yard manure), vermin composting and green manuring substituted to 25% of N, P, and K requirement to produce maximum yield of rice wheat cropping system. Application of organic and inorganic manure produced maximum yield and maintained high nutrient status of soil.
21	Nanjing	China	Semiarid	Ping et al. [25]	Interaction of organic and inorganic nutrients				Returning green manuring and straw to soil enlarged the influence of inorganic nitrogen. The rice yield increased when application of organic and inorganic nitrogen was incorporated.
22	Ludhiana	India	Semi arid	Barr et al. [24]	Residue management in paddy wheat cropping system				Total incorporation of paddy residue in field and aerobic decomposition produced maximum yield of wheat.
23	Hyderabad	India	Semiarid	DRR, [27]	Rice cultivation technology portal				Directorate of Rice Research released a knowledge portal that flatly recommends green manuring for rice crop cultivation. No concept of working of sulphur cycle persisted in the portal
24	Islamabad	Pakistan	Semi arid	Shah et al. [29]	Organic and inorganic nutrient in agriculture				Green manuring was found beneficial to paddy. No knowledge of sulphur cycle was revealed in the study.
25	California	USA	California climate	Lauren et al. [30]	Release of methane from green manuring.				With green manuring mixing in wheat straw decomposition under the anaerobic condition prepone release of methane to atmosphere by 20-25 days. The flux of methane release also increased. However, no evidence of application f sulphur cycle was found in the study.
Water conservation in paddy cultivation
26	Wageningen	Netherland	Position report	Chapagain and Hoestra [31]	Water use foot prints in rice				Estimated carbon foot print from production to consumption of rice. Application of scientific fact of sulphur cycle will improve water productivity and use of input.
27	Northern China	China	Model study		Irrigation under limited water supply.				Irrigation should be applied at jointing stage then at heading stage. Quadratic polynomial function was applicable to describe water production function.
Sulphur cycle and Arsenic problem
28	Bangkok	Regions affected by Arsenic in irrigation water.	Status report	FAO,SAP, [21]		Problems of arsenic in Bangla Desh and surrounding regions are compiled in the report.			Detailed elaboration of problem of arsenic in south East Asia and Pacific region is reported. The method of getting rid from the As is given as crop diversification, cropping system that uses less water, development crops and varieties those rsistant to As uptake are presented. However, no appearance of any aspect of sulphur cycle was found. In the report.
29	Review	Different parts of world	Status of scientific knowledge on As uptake by plants.	Meharg, [33]		Total uptake mechanism of organic As.			It could not be concluded about the total mechanism of uptake of organic As.
30	Review	Different part of the World	Rate of organic As up take	Abedin et al., 2002 [34]		Rate of uptake of organic As.			Rate of organic uptake of As was slower than inorganicAs. Not thought found working of sulphur cycle.
Raised bed cultivation (RBC)
31	North China	China	Water use vs yield of wheat in RBC	Quanqi et al., [35]	Irrigation of wheat by less water.				Furrow planting increased WUE, but raised bed planting had potential to increase yield but increase in WUE was in consistent. No reference of working of sulphur cycle.
32	Indonesia	Indonesia	Crop diversification through RBC.	Donald et al. [39]	Possibility of crop diversification in low land rice areas				RBC enabled crop diversification in the low land rice in Indonesia. No evidence on application of sulphur cycle.
33	Arha taluk,Chennai	India	Role of raised bed on enhancing yield	Narsimhamurthy [37]	Unexpected yield of potato from raised bed				Potato yield of 31.25 tones/ha was harvested against average yield of 20 tones /ha. RBC and drip irrigation produced un expected yield of potato. No knowledge of sulphur cycle visuslised.
34	Modipuram	India	Role of conservation farming	Jat et al. [36]	Raised bed cultivation alone with other conservation agriculture practices.				He considered the present conservation practices are half way its optimization There is scope to enhance crop yields by better scientific management practices. However no visualization of working of sulphur cycle.
35	Two sites in Bangala Desh and one site in Nepal	Bangla Desh and Nepal	Role of RBC on crop diversification	Lauren et al. [41]	Applicability of raised bed in crop diversification.				It was possible to harvest high yield of wheat from the RBC from two sites in Bangla Desh. The yield was adversely affected by RBC in Nepal. Authors did not interprete scientific reason for adverse performance of RBC in Nepal. There was no revealance of application of sulphur cycle.
36	Mexico CIMMIT	Mexico	Raised bed for crop cultivation under wet and dry condition.	Kenneth, [40]	Different sizes of raised bed found suitable for crop production under dry or water logged condition.				Raised beds were found suitable for crop cultivation in different adverse climatic condition. Crop diversification has been the main concern in the research.

Table 1: Situation of scientific fact of sulphur cycle in waste water stream recovered materials and other input use in agriculture and protection of environment.