| Categories of causes of heavy bleeding |
Perceived causes of heavy bleeding |
Suggested actions for the problem |
| Physical causes |
-weakness of body |
-use of iron supplements and/or treatment with other medicines are recommended |
| -weak uterus |
- follow advice of physician |
| -heavy work during pregnancy |
-avoid heavy work or strenuous activity during pregnancy |
| -lack of vitamins or quality nutrition |
-consume nutritious foods |
| -lack of rest |
-take rest during pregnancy |
| -mental stress or anxiety |
-avoid stressors or anxiety |
| -disrespect or negligence on the part of the husband |
-husband should take care |
| too much blood in the body |
-nothing can be done |
| -early marriage |
-avoid early marriage |
| -pregnancy at early age |
-avoid early pregnancy |
| Delivery related causes |
-prolonged delivery
-‘fhul pore na’ (retained placenta)
-dai (birth attendant) inserted hand inside and caused harm to uterus and vagina
- torn placenta, cord, or uterus caused by dai during the delivery process
-‘fhul shukna’ (“dry placenta”): meaning the woman’s water breaks early and placenta becomes dry
-placenta had a shikor (root) like a plant |
-delivery should be assisted by doctors
-consult doctors at time of delivery if any complication
-delivery should take place at hospital
-‘dai’ should not pull the cord or placenta
-consult doctor
-go to hospital |
| Personalistic causes |
-‘kharap batas’ (bad or evil wind)
-‘kaler dosh’(explained in text)
-attack by something ‘zeen’ or ‘shaitan’ (evil)
- the woman had disobeyed rules that are to be followed during pregnancy |
-‘kabiraj’* should be consulted
-‘kabiraj’ should be consulted
-amulet can be used to ward off spirit
-women should follow the rules during pregnancy ‘beche chola’ |