| Screening production animals for adventitious agents |
| IgG concentrations [(NH4)2SO4/NaSO4 precipitation] |
| Enzyme digestion (pepsin → F(ab’)2; papain → Fab |
| Caprylic acid stabilization |
| Ion exchange (removes Fc) |
| Affinity purification (concentrates venom-specific IgG) |
| Pasteurisation (10 h at 60°C) |
| Endotoxin exclusion (to not more than 0.5 u/kg/dose) |
| Lyophilisation |
