Biochemical Parameter |
Tissue localization |
Cellular localization |
Histopathological lesion |
Reason of abnormality |
References |
Alanine aminotransferase
(EC 2.6.1.2) |
Primarily liver; trace amounts in skeletal muscles and heart |
Cytoplasm and mitochondria |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Leakage from damaged tissues |
[71,72,73] |
Aspartate aminotransferase
(EC 2.6.1.1) |
Liver, heart, muscle, brain and kidney |
Cytoplasm and mitochondria |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Leakage from damaged tissues |
[71,72,75] |
Alkaline phosphatase
(EC 3.1.3.1) |
Liver, bile duct, bone, placenta, kidney and intestine |
Cell membrane |
Hepatobiliary injury and cholestasis |
Overproduction and release in blood |
[4,76] |
γ-Glutamyl transferase
(EC 2.3.2.2) |
Kidney, liver, bile duct, pancreas |
Cell membrane |
Hepatobiliary injury and cholestasis |
Overproduction and release in blood |
[79,80] |
Total bilirubin |
Direct (Liver, bile, small intestine, large intestine)
Indirect (Reticuloendothelial cells of spleen, serum) |
Extracellular fluid |
Hepatobiliary injury and cholestasis |
Decreased hepatic clearance |
[4,75,81] |
Urine bilirubin |
Urine |
|
Hepatobiliary disease |
Leakage of conjugated bilirubin out of the hepatocytes into urine |
[82] |
Urobilinogen |
Large intestine, urine |
|
Hepatocellular dysfunction |
An increase in unconjugated bilirubin, due to increased breakdown of RBCs, which undergoes conjugation, excretion in bile and metabolism to urobilinogen |
[82] |
Bile acids |
Produced in liver, stored in gall bladder and released into the intestine |
|
Hepatobiliary disease |
Regurgitation into blood along with conjugated bilirubin |
[83,84] |
Prothrombin time |
|
|
Hepatocellular dysfunction |
Decreased synthetic capacity |
[82] |
Lactate dehydrogenase
(EC 1.1.1.27) |
Liver peroxisomes, muscles, kidney, heart |
Mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Leakage from damaged tissue |
[82] |
Sorbitol dehydrogenase
(EC 1.1.1.14) |
Liver, kidney, seminal vesicle, intestine |
Cytoplasm, mitochondria |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Leakage from damaged tissue |
[75] |
Glutamate dehydrogenase
(EC 1.4.1.2) |
Liver, kidney |
Mitochondrial matrix |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Leakage from damaged tissues |
[75,85] |
Albumin |
Produced in liver |
Blood plasma |
Hepatic dysfunction |
Decreased synthesis |
[82] |
Total protein |
Produced in liver and immune system |
Blood plasma |
Hepatic dysfunction |
Decreased synthetic capacity |
[82] |
Serum F protein |
Liver, kidney |
Primarily cytoplasm |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Leakage from damaged tissue |
[87,88] |
Glutathione-S-transferase
(EC 2.5.1.18) |
Liver, kidney |
Cytoplasm, mitochondrial, centrolobular cells |
Early hepatocyte injury; Hepatocellular necrosis |
Readily released from hepatocytes in response to injury |
75,91 |
Arginase I
(EC 3.5.3.1) |
Liver |
Cytoplasm |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Release from injured hepatocytes |
[75,93,94] |
Malate dehydrogenase
(EC 1.1.1.37) |
Liver, heart, muscle, brain |
Cytoplasm, mitochondria |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Leakage from damaged tissues |
[75,97,99] |
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
(EC 2.4.2.1) |
Liver, muscle, heart |
Cytoplasm of endothelial cells, kupferr cells, hepatocytes |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Released into hepatic sinusoids with necrosis |
[75] |
Paraoxonase 1
(EC 3.1.8.1) |
Liver, kidney, brain, lung |
Cytoplasm, microsomal, endoplasmic reticulum |
Hepatocellular necrosis |
Not a leakage enzyme; reduced hepatic synthesis and secretion |
[75,102] |
