S. No.

Hepatotoxicant class

Hepatotoxicant

References
  1.  

Drugs Anaesthesia

Aniline analgesics

 

Antibiotics

Anti-coagulants

 

Anti-convulsants

Antiretroviral

 

 

Anti-hyperlipidemics

 

Anti-malarial

Anti-tuberculosis

 

Arthritis medications

Chemotherapy

 

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

 

Corticosteroids

 

Alcohol

 

Trifluoroacetyl chloride (Halothane)

N-Acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (Acetaminophen or paracetamol)

Sulfonamides

Dabigatran, phenprocoumon, warfarin, ximelagatran, heparin

Valproate, felbamate, phenytoin

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs)

Atorvastatin, lovastatin, provastatin, simvastatin, fenofibrate, ezetimibe

Iminoquinone (Amodiaquine)

Hydrazine/acetylhydrazine (Isoniazid) pyrazinamide

Methotrexate

Imatinib, lapatinib, nilotinib, oxaliplatin, cisplatin

Acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, piroxicam, diclofenac, indomethacin, sulindac

Anabolic androgenic steroids, glucocorticoids

Alcohol

 

[42]

[61]

 

[1,111]

[113,115]

 

[5,42]

[43,46,127,129]

 

 

[118,119,120,121,123]

 

[60]

[4,19,130]

 

[1,137]

[138,139]

 

[143,144]

 

[4,140,141,142]

 

[4,147,148]
  1.  

Natural products Amanita phalloides

 

Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus

Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena spp., Anabaenopsis spp., Nostoc spp., Planktothrix spp., Hapalosiphon spp.)

Ecteinascidia turbinata

Fusarium moniliforme

Phomopsis leptostromiformis

Penicillium rubrum

Lantana camara

Eupatorium  adenophorum

 

American cranesbill, bayberry, bilberry, buckthorn, cola tree, lady’s mantle, oaks, poplar, walnut, wild iris, quercus and rosemary

 

Amatoxins like α-amanitin phallotoxins

Aflatoxins

Microcystins Nodularins

 

Ecteinascidins

Fumonisin

Phomopsin

Rubratoxins

Lantadenes

9-Oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone, a sesquiterpene

Tannins

 

[57,67]

 

[26,155]

[158,159,160,162]

 

[164,165,166,167]

168,169,170]

[171,172]

[173,174]

[176,177,178,179]

[180,182,183]

 

[184]
  1.  

Industrial toxins

Heavy metals like arsenic, lead and mercury

Carbon tetrachloride (Trichloromethyl free radicals)

Chloroform

1,1-Dichloroethylene

1,2-Dichloroethylene

Trichloroethylene

Vinyl chloride

Polybrominated biphenyls

5-Nitro-o-toluidine

Di-nitrotoluene

Tri-nitrotoluene

4-Nitro-2-aminotoluene

[187,188,190]

 

[36,60,191,192]

 

[195,196]

[197,198]

[197,198]

[200,201]

[200,201]

[203,204]

[202]

[206]

[206]

[202,206]
  1.  

Herbal and alternative remedies or dietary supplements

 

 

 

 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Tussilago farfara, Borago officinalis, Symphytum spp., Eupatorium purpureum, Petasites spp., Senecio spp., Heliotropium and Crotalaria spp.)

Neoclerodane diterpenoids (Teucrium chamaedrys, Germander))

Atractylosides (Atractylis gummifera, Callilepsis laureola)

Anthraquinones (Cassia angustifolia, Cascara sagrada, Morinda citrifolia)

β-Asarone (Acorus spp. and Asarum spp.)

Cimicifugae racemosae rhizome (Black cohosh, root)

Margosa oil

Piper methysticum rhizome (Kava)

Larrea tridentata(Chapparal)

Chelidonium majus (Greater celandine)

Cannabis sativa (Marjuana)

Cannabis indica (Hashish)

Cocaine

Alkaloid (Ma-huang, Ephedra spp.)

Tetrahydropalmatine, an alkaloid (Jin Bu Huan, Lycopodium serratum)

Dictamnus dasycarpus and D. baixianpi

 

[42,212,213]

 

 

[42,214,215]

 

[42, 213]

 

[42]

 

[212]

[221]

 

[42]

[219,220]

[42,212,213]

[44,213,218]

[42]

[42]

[42]

[222]

[42,45,213]

 

[42,223]
Table 2: