| Type of DR & DR Mimetic |
Duration/Dose of DR/ DR Mimetic |
Organism and/or Cell Type |
Pathways/Genes/Activity Altered (+/-) |
Resistance Against Acute Stressor |
Ref. |
| Protein/Amino Acid (Trp) Deficient |
6-14 days |
Mice |
(+) GCN2, (-) eIF2α |
Renal and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion Injury |
84 |
| Glucose Deficient |
0.5g/L prior to insult |
Rat and Human (Glial cells) |
N/A |
H2O2 and menadione (oxidative stress) Cyclophosphamide (chemotherapeutic) |
11 |
| Methionine Deficient |
~8.5-months |
Mice |
(-) in serum IGF-1, Insulin, and Glucose |
Injection of toxic doses of acetaminophen |
88 |
| 25% Restriction |
140 days |
Rats |
N/A |
Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) induced tumorigenesis |
7 |
| 30% Restriction |
2-4 weeks |
Mice |
(-) GH, (-) IGF-1, (+) HO-1, (+) GR, (+) Angiopoietin, (+)GSTs |
Renal and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion Injury |
14 |
| 20-40% Restriction |
>5 weeks to 42 weeks |
Mice |
(+) NRF2, (+) NQO1, (+) HO-1, (+) GCLC, (+) GST, (+) GPx |
Induced Mutagenesis/Tumorigenesis by DMBA/TPA |
129 |
| 30-40% Restriction |
N/A |
Humans |
N/A |
Critically ill patients in a medical-surgical ICU |
252 |
| 40% Restriction |
adult lifetime |
Mice |
(-) IGF-1, (-) Insulin |
Excitotoxin kainic acid induced damage to the dorsal hippocampus |
89 |
| 40% restriction |
6 months |
Rats |
(+) deacetylation, (+) Sirtuins |
Cardiac ischemia/ischemic reperfusion injury |
57 |
| 60 % Restriction (approximate) |
800 kcal/day for 2 weeks |
Humans |
No sig. diff. in weight/BMI between the two groups |
Laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery |
251 |
| Every 2-Day Intermittent Fasting |
N/A |
C. elegans |
(+) RHEB-1, (+) TOR |
Heat and oxidative stress |
12 |
| EOD Intermittent Fasting |
adult lifetime |
Mice |
(+) IGF-1, (-) Insulin |
Excitotoxin kainic acid induced damage to the dorsal hippocampus |
89 |
| EOD Intermittent Fasting |
2-3 weeks |
Mice |
N/A |
Lethal (8.7 Gy) and sub-lethal (5.26 Gy) total body ionizing radiation |
8 |
| EOD Intermittent Fasting |
3 weeks |
Mice |
(+) metabolic rate, (+) lipogenesis |
Sub-lethal whole body gamma irradiation |
9 & 10 |
| Fasting |
48-180 hours before and 5-56 hours post- treatment |
Stage I-IV cancer patients (44-78 yrs) |
N/A |
Chemotherapy for breast, esophageal, prostate and lung cancer |
253 |
| Fasting |
4 days |
Rats |
N/A |
Hypoxic/Ischemic injury to the brain |
85 |
| Fasting |
1-4 days |
Liver donor Rats |
(+) GSH, (+) HO-1, (+) HSP-60, (+) HSP-70 |
Liver ischemia and transplantation |
187 |
| Fasting |
3 days |
Mice |
(+) HO-1, (+) SOD, (+) GPx, (+) GSR, (-) IL-6 |
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury |
186 |
| Fasting |
3 days |
Mice |
(-) IGF-1, (+) IGFBPs |
Doxorubicin (oxidative stress) |
90 |
| Fasting |
2-3 days |
Mice |
N/A |
Etoposide |
11 |
| Fasting |
1-3 days |
Mice |
(-) GH, (-) IGF-1, (+) HO-1, (+) GR, (+) Angiopoietin, (+)GSTs |
Renal and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion Injury |
14 |
| Fasting |
2 days |
D. melanogaster |
Independent of Hif-1 |
Anoxia and reoxygenation injury |
13 |
| Water only media |
1 -2 days |
Yeast |
(-) RAS2 |
H2O2,menadione, methylmethane sulfonate and cyclophosphamide |
11 |
| Fasting 24 hours post-brain injury |
24 hours |
Rats |
Insulin independent, Ketone dependent |
Traumatic brain injury |
94 |
| Exercise (running) |
10 weeks of treadmill or voluntary wheel running |
Rats |
N/A |
Doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity |
91 |
| Exercise (running) |
5 x 5 min run/rest 10 min or 24 hr prior to insult |
Dogs |
Opening of mitochondrial KATP channels |
Myocardial ischemia/ichemic reperfusion injury |
53 |
| AICAR |
100 mM for 48 hours |
D. melanogaster |
(+) AMPK |
Anoxia and reoxygenation injury |
13 |
| Curcumin |
200 mg/kg per day for two weeks |
Mice |
(-) IFN-γ, (-) IL-17 |
Interleukin (IL)-10 deficient mouse model of pro-inflammation |
96 |
| Curcumin |
200mg/kg a day for 4 days |
Rats |
(+) NRF2, (+) HO-1 |
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic injury |
189 |
| Impaired glucose metabolism by DOG |
5 mM for 6 days |
C. elegans |
(+)aak-2/AMPK, (+) CAT |
Paraquat and sodium azide (inducers of toxic ROS levels) |
46 |
| Methylene Blue |
4x50 mg/day prior to chemotherapy |
Humans with solid tumors |
N/A |
Ifosfamide (chemotherapeutic)-induced encephalopathy |
92 |
| Oltipraz |
2 days supplemented in food |
D. melanogaster |
(+) NRF2/CncC, (+) GST |
Paraquat (inducers of toxic ROS levels) |
130 |
| Oltipraz |
10-100 µM prior to insult |
Human (H9 cells) |
(+) GSH, (+) NQO1 |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection |
95 |
| 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T)/Oltipraz |
25-100 µM prior to insult |
Mouse (Cardiac cells) |
(+) NRF2, (+) NQO1, (+) CAT, (+) GSH, (+)GR, (+)GST |
XO/Xanthine and SIN-1 cytotoxicity |
98 |
| 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T)/Oltipraz |
50 µM prior to insult |
Rat (Adrenal glad cells) |
(+) NRF2 |
Ethanol induced cytotoxicity and death |
93 |
| Plumbagin |
1 µM prior to insult |
Human (Neuroblastoma cells) |
(+) NRF2, (+) NQO1, (+) GCLM, (+) Trx, (+) HO-1 |
tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (BHP) mediated oxidative stress and death |
149 |
| Plumbagin |
3 mg/kg 24-6 hours prior to stroke |
Mice |
(+) NRF2, (+) HO-1 |
Cerebral focal ischemic stroke model |
149 |
| Procyanidin B2 |
1-20 µM for 20 hrs. |
Human (Colonic cells) |
(+) NRF2, (+) GSTP1, (+) MAPK, (+) ERKs |
Pro-oxidant t-BOOH |
131 |
| Rapamycin |
0.25 mg/kg |
Mice |
Opening of mitochondrial KATP channels |
Ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated heart |
86 |
| Resveratrol |
5-40µM for 12 hours |
Rat (Myocytes) |
(+) deacetylation, (+) Sirtuins |
Hypoxia/Reoxygenation |
57 |
| Resveratrol |
1x10-4 to 2x10-3 mg/kg 30 minutes before ischemia |
Rats |
(+) Estrogen Receptors, (+) NMDA Receptors |
Ischemia/reperfusion injury in middle cerebral artery occlusion model |
87 |
| Resveratrol |
10 µM prior to insult |
Human (Alveolar cells) |
(+) NRF2, (+) GCL, (+) GSH |
Cigarette Smoke |
122 |
| Sulforaphane |
3 µM prior to insult |
Mouse (Embryonic Fibroblasts) |
(+) NRF2, (+) GSTs, (+) GSH, (+) NQO1, (+) GR |
Isothiocyanates, Diamide, Acrolein, Epoxides, and Peroxides |
132 |
