- NO surgically correctable cause
- Cardiac Index < 2.2 L/min/m2
- Systolic Blood Pressure < 90 mmHg
- Left Ventricular End-diastolic Pressure (“Wedge”) > 20 mmHg
- >2 different high dose inotropes
- Cardiogenic shock despite intra-aortic balloon pump
- Unable to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass
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