| Classification and name |
Date of discovery |
pKa (25°C |
Metabolism |
Onset (min) |
Duration of action (min) |
Relative potency |
Maximal dose (for adults) |
Maximal dose with epinephrine |
Dose for tumescent anesthesia |
Relative toxicity |
| Amino esters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Procaine |
1905 |
9 |
Plasma esterases |
Slow
(10-20) |
Short
(15-60) |
1 |
500 mg
(7 mg/kg) |
- |
- |
1 |
| Chloroprocaine |
1952 |
9.3 |
Plasma esterases |
Fast
(5) |
Short
(15-45) |
1 |
600 mg
(8 mg/kg) |
- |
- |
9 |
| Tetracaine |
1928 |
8.6 |
Plasma esterases |
Slow
(15) |
Intermediate
(60-200) |
> 4 |
100 mg
(1.5 mg/kg) |
- |
- |
4.1 |
| Amino amides |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lidocaine |
1943 |
7.9 |
Liver |
Fast
(2-5) |
Intermediate
(60-120) Longer with epinephrine |
4 |
200-300 mg
(5 mg/kg) |
500 mg
(7 mg/kg) |
30-35 mg/kg |
2 |
| Prilocaine |
1960 |
7.9 |
Lung
Kidney
Liver |
Fast
(2-5) |
Intermediate
(30-90) |
4 |
500 mg
(7 mg/kg) |
600 mg
(8 mg/kg) |
15 mg/kg |
1.8 |
| Articaine |
1969 |
7.8 |
Liver
Serum esterases |
Fast
(2-3) |
Intermediate
(60-180) |
5 |
7 mg/kg |
7 mg/kg |
35 mg/kg |
1.5 |
| Mepivacaine |
1956 |
7.9 |
Liver |
Fast
(3-5) |
Intermediate
(45-90) |
4 |
300 mg
(5 mg/kg) |
(5 mg/kg) |
- |
2.2 |
| Bupivacaine |
1963 |
8.1 |
Liver |
Slow
(10-15) |
Long
(200 +) Longer with epinephrine |
16 |
175 mg
(2.5 mg/kg) |
225 mg
(3 mg/kg) |
- |
8 |
| Levobupivacaine |
1960’s |
8.1 |
Liver |
Slow
(10-15) |
Long
(200 +) |
16 |
175 mg
(2.5 mg/kg) |
- |
- |
< 8 |
| Ropivacaine |
1950’s |
8.1 |
Liver |
Slow
(5-15) |
Long
(200 +) |
16 |
188 mg
(2.5-3 mg/kg) |
- |
- |
7 |
Data from [54,83,84] |