Brass

Woodwind

Lower strings

Upper strings

Percussion/
tympani

All players

Measurement

N=47

n=35

n=42

n=64

n=11

n=199

Minimum

Maximum
Elbow - pronation – left1 78.2 85.1 84.4 78.5 87.0 81.3 51.0 110.0
  9.5 9.3 10.9 10.9 8.8 10.6    
Elbow - pronation - right1 80.3 82.5 84.3 80.8 85.5 82.0 44.0 118.0
  10.6 10.0 9.8 11.2 14.5 10.8    
Elbow - supination - left1 87.7 89.8 93.9 97.0 86.9 92.3 60.0 165.0
  10.7 10.7 9.0 15.5 12.4 12.8    
Elbow - supination - right1 85.6 90.7 89.7 88.3 94.5 88.7 9.2 140.0
  12.2 10.7 18.8 13.2 11.5 14.0    
Elbow flexion – left2 24.5 23.7 24.2 23.0 25.6 23.9 9.1 46.2
  5.5 3.5 5.1 5.5 5.3 5.1    
Elbow flexion - right2 25.4 24.2 25.0 23.9 25.9 24.7 9.7 45.2
  5.3 4.5 4.9 5.5 3.9 5.0    
Elbow extension - left2 19.7 19.4 18.9 18.0 18.8 18.9 8.9 32.0
  4.1 3.3 4.3 4.6 4.8 4.2    
Elbow extension - right2 19.8 19.3 19.0 18.4 18.6 19.1 8.7 33.0
  4.0 4.3 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.2    
Wrist flexion - left2 17.0 17.0 18.0 16.5 17.5 17.1 5.8 35.3
  4.2 4.7 5.1 4.7 3.8 4.6    
Wrist flexion - right2 18.1 18.1 18.6 17.4 19.5 18.1 4.8 38.5
  4.2 5.2 5.1 5.0 3.7 4.8    
Wrist extension - left2 16.7 16.0 16.2 15.7 16.2 16.1 8.1 28.2
  3.7 3.2 4.1 3.9 3.1 3.7    
Wrist extension - right2 17.5 16.4 17.4 16.3 16.3 16.8 8.5 30.7
  3.6 3.5 4.2 3.9 2.6 3.8    
Hand grip - left2 44.4 42.6 42.2 40.1 42.8 42.2 15.0 64.5
  7.3 8.9 8.8 10.1 4.9 8.8    
Hand grip - right2 46.4 45.1 45.2 43.3 45.7 44.9 18.0 72.0
  7.9 9.4 9.1 9.6 4.5 8.9    
Hand - pinch grip - left2 4.8 5.5 5.3 4.7 5.2 5.0 0.8 13.9
  2.5 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.6    
Hand - pinch grip - right2 5.3 5.9 5.4 5.0 5.4 5.3 1.3 15.4
  2.3 2.6 2.4 2.5 1.6 2.4    
Hand - thumb abduction - left2 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.7 1.5 6.7
  0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9    
Hand - thumb abduction - right2 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.5 3.1 3.8 1.3 7.0
  1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.0    
Hand - thumb extension - left2 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 1.0 5.8
  1.0 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0    
Hand - thumb extension - right2 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 0.8 6.1
  1.1 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0    
Upper arm length – left3 33.9 33.8 34.1 33.3 33.7 33.7 28.0 38.4
  1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.7 2.0    
Upper arm length - right3 33.8 33.7 34.1 33.4 33.5 33.7 28.0 39.0
  2.0 2.0 1.7 2.2 2.6 2.0    
Forearm length - left3 27.9 27.5 28.0 27.3 27.2 27.6 23.0 32.4
  1.3 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.7    
Forearm length - right3 27.9 27.4 28.1 27.2 27.8 27.6 23.0 33.0
  1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.6 1.7    
Hand span - left3 22.9 22.4 23.2 22.4 22.8 22.7 19.2 26.5
  1.1 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.4    
Hand span - right3 22.3 22.3 22.4 22.0 22.5 22.2 19.1 25.7
  1.2 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.4    
1: Range of motion (measured in degrees).
2: Strength (measured in Newtons).
3: Measured in centimetres.
Table 5: Elbow, forearm and hand anthropometric, strength and range of motion measurements – by instrument type – males - (mean and standard deviation).