Brass

Woodwind

Lower strings

Upper strings

All players

Measurement

n=14

n=36

n=32

n=118

n=2061

Minimum

Maximum
Elbow - pronation – left2 78.6 82.9 82.6 82.6 82.3 50.0 109.0
  12.3 8.8 10.9 11.8 11.1    
Elbow - pronation - right2 82.9 81.9 81.0 83.2 82.6 50.0 110.0
  11.2 10.1 10.0 11.4 11.0    
Elbow - supination - left2 99.3 98.1 96.4 100.0 99.0 60.0 162.0
  10.0 15.6 9.4 13.2 12.9    
Elbow - supination - right2 92.1 94.3 93.4 93.6 93.5 63.0 145.0
  10.8 11.1 11.7 11.5 11.2    
Elbow flexion – left3 17.7 15.8 16.0 15.5 15.7 4.6 22.3
  2.0 3.4 2.2 3.5 3.2    
Elbow flexion - right3 18.2 16.1 16.4 16.2 16.2 4.1 27.4
  2.4 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.5    
Elbow extension - left3 12.9 12.8 13.0 12.6 12.7 4.2 22.4
  2.2 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.0    
Elbow extension - right3 13.3 12.9 13.5 13.0 13.0 3.7 27.0
  2.3 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.2    
Wrist flexion - left3 11.5 10.2 10.3 10.9 10.7 4.2 20.9
  3.3 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.0    
Wrist flexion - right3 13.2 11.3 11.0 11.5 11.5 3.3 24.2
  3.2 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.3    
Wrist extension - left3 10.8 10.1 10.8 10.6 10.6 5.5 24.2
  1.2 2.3 3.0 2.7 2.6    
Wrist extension - right3 11.4 10.7 11.5 10.8 10.9 4.6 24.9
  1.6 2.7 3.6 2.6 2.8    
Hand grip - left3 29.6 27.9 26.2 26.2 26.7 10.0 42.0
  4.5 5.1 5.5 5.8 5.5    
Hand grip - right3 31.5 29.7 27.7 27.8 28.3 5.0 43.0
  5.7 5.2 5.8 6.2 5.9    
Hand - pinch grip - left3 3.1 3.7 2.9 3.5 3.4 0.5 10.0
  1.7 2.0 1.5 1.9 1.9    
Hand - pinch grip - right3 3.9 4.2 3.2 3.9 3.9 0.8 12.0
  2.0 2.0 1.4 2.2 2.0    
Hand - thumb abduction - left3 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 1.3 7.2
  0.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.8    
Hand - thumb abduction - right3 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7 0.9 8.4
  0.7 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.9    
Hand - thumb extension - left3 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.4 4.9
  0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8    
Hand - thumb extension - right3 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.4 5.4
  0.9 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.8    
Upper arm length – left3 32.7 31.1 31.4 31.1 31.3 25.5 37.0
  1.7 1.9 1.4 2.1 2.0    
Upper arm length - right3 32.5 30.9 31.1 31.2 31.2 26.0 37.0
  1.4 1.7 1.3 2.0 1.9    
Forearm length - left3 26.6 24.6 25.1 24.7 24.9 20.0 31.0
  1.5 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7    
Forearm length - right3 26.2 24.8 24.7 24.7 24.8 21.0 29.5
  1.2 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5    
Hand span - left3 20.4 20.1 20.8 20.5 20.5 16.5 28.5
  1.3 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4    
Hand span - right3 19.5 19.8 20.2 20.1 20.0 16.2 28.2
  1.5 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4    
1: Includes two percussionists and four harp players.
2: Range of motion (measured in degrees).
3: Strength (measured in Newtons).
Table 6: Elbow, forearm and hand anthropometric, strength and range of motion measurements – by instrument type – females - (mean and standard deviation).