| Variables |
Cases (%) |
Controls (%) |
Bivariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
| Crude OR (95% CI) |
p |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p |
| Demographic characteristics |
| Mother’s age at the beginning of the pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < 26 years |
6 (18) |
22 (23) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| 26 – 35 years |
17 (50) |
51 (54) |
1.22 (0.42-3.52) |
0.710 |
- |
- |
| ≥ 35 years |
11 (32) |
22 (23) |
1.83 (0.58-5.83) |
0.360 |
- |
- |
| Country of birth |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other |
13 (38) |
33 (35) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Guiana/France |
8 (24) |
10 (10) |
2.02 (0.66-6.28) |
0.220 |
- |
- |
| Haiti |
13 (38) |
52 (55) |
0.63 (0.26-1.54) |
0.310 |
- |
- |
| Education level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never schooled |
7 (21) |
28 (29) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Schooled |
27 (79) |
67 (71) |
1.61 (0.63-4.13) |
0.320 |
- |
- |
| Matrimonial status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Single |
12 (35) |
48 (51) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Couple |
22 (65) |
47 (49) |
1.87 (0.83-4.21) |
0.120 |
- |
- |
| Administrative status of foreigners |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No residence permit |
6 (24) |
31 (36) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Residence permit |
19 (76) |
54 (64) |
1.82 (0.66-5.03) |
0.240 |
- |
- |
| Housing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| House/appartment |
29 (85) |
86 (91) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| In someone’s house |
5 (15) |
9 (9) |
1.65 (0.51-5.32) |
0.400 |
- |
- |
| Socio-economic characteristics |
| Type of health insurrance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| AME |
5 (15) |
29 (33) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| CMU |
19 (56) |
23 (26) |
4.79 (1.55-14.79) |
0.006 |
- |
- |
| ALD |
10 (29) |
37 (41) |
1.57 (0.48-5.09) |
0.460 |
- |
- |
| Profession |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
25 (74) |
88 (93) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Yes |
9 (26) |
7 (7) |
4.53 (1.53-13.37) |
0.006 |
5.62 (1.30-24.26) |
0.020 |
| Number of children to care for |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 1 child |
5 (15) |
12 (13) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| 2-6 children |
6 (17) |
38 (40) |
0.38 (0.1-1.47) |
0.160 |
- |
- |
| ≥ 6 children |
23 (68) |
45 (47) |
1.23 (0.39-3.9) |
0.730 |
- |
- |
| Mode of transport |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other modes |
20 (59) |
82 (86) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Private car |
14 (41) |
13 (14) |
4.42 (1.8-10.85) |
0.001 |
- |
- |
| Disclosure to the Doctor |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
22 (65) |
90 (95) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Yes |
12 (35) |
5 (5) |
9.82 (3.13-30.78) |
<0.001 |
12.65 (2.87-55.8) |
<0.001 |
| Desired pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
18 (53) |
80 (84) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
16 (47) |
15 (16) |
4.74 (1.99-11.32) |
<0.001 |
- |
- |
| Use of condoms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
17 (50) |
79 (83) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
17 (50) |
16 (17) |
4.94 (2.09-11.68) |
<0.001 |
- |
- |
| Partner’s HIV status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Infected |
16 (47) |
1 (1) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| No infected |
18 (53) |
94 (99) |
0.01 (0.005-0.1) |
<0.001 |
0.01 (0.001-0.07) |
<0.001 |
| Additional income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
5 (15) |
17 (18) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
29 (85) |
78 (82) |
1.26 (0.43-3.74) |
0.670 |
- |
- |
| Benefitted from food parcels |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
32 (94) |
88 (93) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
2 (6) |
7 (7) |
0.79 (0.16-3.98) |
0.770 |
- |
- |
| Perceptions towards HIV and addictions |
| Negative image to others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absence |
4 (12) |
4 (4) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Presence |
30 (88) |
91 (96) |
0.33 (0.08-1.4) |
0.130** |
- |
- |
| HIV gives a negative representations of HIV |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absence |
7 (21) |
9 (9) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Presence |
27 (79) |
86 (91) |
6.48 (1.99-21.08) |
0.002*** |
5.99 (1.17-30.69) |
0.032 |
| Alcohol or tobacco use during pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
29 (85) |
77 (81) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
5 (15) |
18 (19) |
0.16 (0.02-1.27) |
0.084 |
- |
- |
| Marijuana, crack or cocaine use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
29 (85) |
89 (94) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
5 (15) |
6 (6) |
0.48 (0.1-2.27) |
0.350 |
- |
- |
| Faiths and attitudes towards the HIV |
| Practice of religion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
4 (15) |
11 (12) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
30 (85) |
84 (88) |
0.95 (0.28-3.21) |
0.930 |
- |
- |
| Type of religion practiced |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Catholic |
11 (37) |
32 (38) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Evangelical |
19 (63) |
52 (62) |
1.06 (0.45-2.52) |
0.890 |
- |
- |
| Use of traditional healer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
29 (85) |
82 (86) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
5 (15) |
13 (14) |
1.06 (0.45-2.52) |
0.900 |
- |
- |
| The woman has a new partner |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
33 (97) |
76 (80) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
1 (3) |
19 (20) |
0.12 (0.02-0.94) |
0.044**** |
- |
- |
| Disclosure of HIV status to close ones |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
25 (74) |
92 (97) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
9 (26) |
3 (3) |
11.04 (2.78-43.86) |
<0.001 |
- |
- |
| Persons who were told about HIV status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Friends |
1 (11) |
2 (67) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Siblings, parents |
8 (89) |
1 (33) |
16 (0.67-383.01) |
0.087 |
- |
- |
| Clinical follow up and immunovirological status |
| Followed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
2 (6) |
4 (4) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
32 (94) |
91 (96) |
0.7 (0.12-4.03) |
0.690 |
- |
- |
| Place of follow up |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Private practice |
11 (34) |
25 (27) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Hospital |
21 (66) |
66 (73) |
0.82 (0.35-1.93) |
0.660 |
- |
- |
| Modalities of follow up |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Irregular |
2 (6) |
15 (16) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Regular |
30 (94) |
76 (84) |
2.04 (0.55-7.54) |
0.260 |
|
|
| HIV related diseases during pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
29(85) |
92(97) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Yes |
5(15) |
3(3) |
5.29 (1.19-23.48) |
0.029 |
6.57 (0.66-64.93) |
0.136 |
| Number of prenatal visits |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 6 |
7 (22) |
25 (27) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| >6 |
25 (78) |
83 (73) |
1.38 (0.53-3.56) |
0.510 |
- |
- |
| Viral load, CD4 measured |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
13 (38) |
17 (18) |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
21 (62) |
78 (82) |
0.35 (0.15-0.84) |
0.018 |
- |
- |