Low income Middle income
IPS LLC IPS LLC
Level        
lnGDP -2.53** -1.56 -2.39 -2.97**
lnFDI -3.29** -5.53** -3.58** -6.11**
lnH -2.59** -3.38** -1.74 0.70
lnIF -2.22 -0.86 -2.02 1.20
lnK -2.64** -2.74** -2.58** -3.02**
lnL -3.66** -7.02** -3.84** -10.61**
1st difference
ΔlnGDP -3.71** -9.89** -3.95** -13.37**
ΔlnFDI -4.89** -15.01** -5.67** -18.67**
ΔlnH -3.95** -12.72** -3.48** -9.71**
ΔlnIF -4.11** -14.61** -3.20** -7.20**
ΔlnK -5.07** -16.89** -4.88** -17.40**
ΔlnL -2.97** -11.08** -2.53** -7.68**
Note: ** indicates significant at 5%. At level, intercept and trend are included, but in 1st difference only intercept is included. Thelag length selected based on SIC.
Table 2: Panel unit root tests.