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Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering

ISSN: 2165-784X

Open Access

Articles in press and Articles in process

    Research Article Pages: 1 - 4

    Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Walled City, Lahore

    Ahmed Usman*

    Adequate knowledge of environmental sustainability is essential to the success of its global efforts. Thus, a study was conducted to investigate into the level of awareness of environmental sustainability in a developed city of Lahore, Punjab province, Pakistan. Data for the investigation was generated through the survey questionnaires across randomly selected adult inhabitants. Of the entire questionnaire, respondents responded according to their perceptions. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted. Descriptive analysis showed that most of the respondents had the knowledge of environmental sustainability. It is recommended that information on environmental sustainability should be made available and be widely disseminated, especially its impacts and that international communities in conjunction with the national government should take charge of the control and of the associated risks. Further investigation is required to assess the strategies for coping and adapting to the effects of environmental sustainability in the area being studied.

    Research Article Pages: 1 - 9

    Study on the Removal of High Nitrate-nitrogen Concentration from Pig Farm Wastewater by Heterotrophic and Sulphur Autotrophic Synergistic Denitrification Filter Process

    Qing Zhang*

    Following the anaerobic fermentation process in a lagoon, the effluent from pig wastewater exhibited elevated levels of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The utilization of simple sulphur-limestone autotrophic denitrification resulted in a sluggish reaction rate and relatively moderate removal load. To enhance the efficacy of the sulphur autotrophic denitrification process, a strategy was implemented involving the introduction of a limited quantity of corncobs as a slow-release carbon source. This addition was made to a sulphur-limestone autotrophic denitrification reactor that was being operated in a continuous and stable manner. Furthermore, the volume ratio of the corncobs added was progressively increased. This study examines the alterations in nitrate nitrogen, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), sulphate, and alkali consumption within the sulphur-limestone autotrophic denitrification reactor, both prior to and after to the introduction of corncobs. This study examines the operational efficiency and reaction mechanism of a sulfur-limestone autotrophic denitrification reactor that is enhanced by the utilization of corncobs as a slow-release carbon source. The findings of the study indicate that the inclusion of maize cob carbon source in the sulphur limestone autotrophic denitrification process resulted in an improved effectiveness in removing nitrate and nitrogen. Additionally, when considering the three different ratios of corn cob carbon source, the process exhibited a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal rate exceeding 42%. The observed trend in the consumption of alkalinity in both the pure sulphur limestone autotrophic denitrification process and the sulphur limestone autotrophic denitrification process augmented by the three types of corncob slow-release carbon sources indicated an increase with time. The concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in the influent water exhibited a negative correlation with the length of the reactor flow-through. The addition of a slow-release carbon source derived from corncob greatly enhanced the autotrophic denitrification and denitrification impact in the three reactors. Moreover, there was an observed increase in the trend of heterotrophic denitrification as the amount of carbon source added increased. The experiments investigating mixotrophic denitrification reaction observed a positive correlation between the content of corn cob and the relative abundance of microbial flora. Specifically, an increase in corn cob content led to an increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level. Additionally, the relative abundance of various other flora at the genus level also increased proportionally. The efficacy of the mixotrophic denitrification process surpassed that of the sulphur-limestone autotrophic denitrification method in the treatment of nitrate-nitrogen wastewater characterized by a high concentration of nitrate-nitrogen. The former exhibited a higher denitrification rate and resulted in lower levels of sulphate ions and alkalinity production.

      Research Article Pages: 1 - 6

      Comparative Study of First-Order Elastic and Second-Order Inelastic Analysis of Steel Structure

      Shrikant S Ingale*, Dipak V Patil and Ajit M Kadam

      As IS 800:1984 has changed recommend actions from working stress to limit state design in year 2007, this required change in analysis from elastic to inelastic. Present commercial software’s are not incorporating inelastic analysis i.e. plastic analysis. Hence the use of limit state design has been declined by structural designer. In this project study review of different methods of analysis of steel frame is made.

      Research Article Pages: 1 - 11

      Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping of Lower Omo-Gibe Watershed, Omo-Gibe Basin, Ethiopia

      Eyasu Tafese Mekuria*

      The demand for an investigation of groundwater is occasionally increased by the ever-increasing population and abrupt climatic changes. Groundwater is currently the most important source of fresh water, and many researchers are attempting to cover all aspects of this resource in order to achieve sustainable development. This scientific and academic research and studies are attempting to present a multi-range of techniques and methods focusing on groundwater pollution, potentials, assessment, and prediction. To delineate Groundwater Potential (GWP) zones in the lower Omo-Gibe Watershed, Omo-Gibe Basin, Ethiopia, an integrated strategy of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used. For this purpose, seven GWP influencing thematic layers comprising lineament density, slope, soil, drainage density, landuse landcover, geology, elevation and rainfall map were used. Scale values for the classes and thematic layers within them were determined using Satty's AHP and based on expert and literary judgment. The thematic layers have been integrated via their rates using weighted overlay spatial function tool of ArcGIS to provide GWP map. The distribution and extents of different potential groundwater zone are 158.05 km2 (21.59%), 35.92 km2 (4.91%), 214.77 km2 (29.34%), 220.59 km2 (30.13%), and 102.72 km2 (14.03%) for very good, good, moderate and fair zone respectively. The study's conclusions can be used to develop a groundwater action plan that will effectively protect the study area's considerable groundwater resources. With regard to the long-term availability of groundwater, this research will be very beneficial to water management.

        Research Article Pages: 1 - 6

        Behaviour-Finite Elements Analysis-Modeling of Hyperbolic Cooling Towers under Static and Vortex Wind Forces

        Sumit Guha*

        Aim of this paper is software package utilized towards a practical application by considering problem of natural draught hyperbolic cooling towers. This paper deals with the study of hyperbolic cooling tower of 120 m high above ground level. This cooling tower has been analyzed for wind load using ANSYS by assuming fixity at the shell base. For this analysis a single case of the tower with alternative ‘I’ and ‘V’ supports is taken up. The wind load on this cooling towers has been calculated in the form of pressure by using the circumferentially distributed design wind pressure coefficients as given in IS: 11504-1985 code along with the design wind pressures at different levels as per IS: 875 (Part 3)-1987 code. The analysis has been carried out using and 4-noded shell element. The vertical distribution of membrane forces along and the circumferential distributions at base, throat and top levels have been studied for the cooling tower.

        Case Report Pages: 1 - 4

        Case Report on Stakeholders Management in a Construction Project in an Urban Environment

        Nancy Mittal, Diwakar Velu

        The continuing growth of population density in urban areas around the world has placed greater emphasis on the utilization and development of underground space to meet the increasing demands of the city. Due to limited land space available in downtown areas, many cities in the world are also embarking on integration of major construction projects of metro infrastructure, commercial developments and residential estates etc., to meet the growing demand of infrastructure. Construction project in an urban area necessitates the involvement of internal and external stakeholders in the planning phase of the project and requires managing the expectations of the stakeholders throughout the project. This paper will present a case study to depict the ways for managing the stakeholders affected due to the construction project in an urban environment. Stakeholder management in construction projects which are of national importance is even more challenging and complex than private projects. To make the project successful, it is very important to identify all the stakeholders and engage them in early phases of project. The very task of managing the different priorities and requirements of internal and external stakeholder groups at various stages of project is tedious in itself. This paper will describe the different strategies and present 2 case studies to manage the expectations of various stakeholders during the construction works in a densely populated area.

        Case Report Pages: 1 - 4

        Optimization Studies on E-waste for the Recovery of Zinc and Aluminium by Electro Deposition

        P Sivakumar*, D Prabhakaran and M Thirumarimurugan

        The world produces 50 million tons of electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) per year, according to a recent UN report, but only 20% is formally recycled. The rest ends up in landfill, or is recycled informally in developing nations. E-waste recycling market in India is predominantly controlled by unorganized sector due to absence of stringent laws and policy framework. Electronics products in the country are reaching their end of life sooner than expected, which has created immense pressure on the government to come up with appropriate laws to promote e-waste recycling and management. Most electronics that are improperly thrown away contain some form of harmful materials such as beryllium, cadmium, mercury and lead. These materials might be trace elements, but when added up in volume, the threat to the environment is significant. However electronic waste also contains fair percentage of precious metals like Cu, Ag, Au, Pt etc. These metals can be recovered from e-waste at cheaper cost than from the usual ores. Several techniques are used to recover precious metals like copper, silver and gold. This paper deals with the collection and segregation of precious metal rich e-waste scrap and leaches zinc and Aluminium effectively by adopting the technique namely Electrodeposition. The composition of Zinc and Aluminium present in the resultant leached product from each technique is analyzed by EDS. A manual comparison of purity, yield percentage, energy consumption will be tabulated and optimization for the three processes will be simulated using Response Surface Methods (RSM) in design-expert software v.11.

        Research Article Pages: 1 - 1

        Study on Plastic Coated Aggregate used in Bituminous Concrete

        Siddhant Singh*

        A synthetic man-made material that contains different types of organic polymers having heavy molecular weight such as polyethylene, PVC etc. when it is soft, it can be easily moulded to any form. And when it turns hard, it becomes rigid or slightly elastic in nature and it is called as plastic. Plastic takes a long time to degrade because of that it is durable also, this long time to degrade is because plastic can easily resist the natural process of degradation. There are two types of plastic 1) Thermoset and 2) Thermoplastics. Thermoset plastics are that kind of plastic which once set cannot be reversed by the means of heat. Whereas thermoplastics are those which can be reversed by providing heat to it.

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