Figure 1: Antioxidant mechanisms of mood stabilizers. Arrows represent increases or decreases in expression or activity due to stated mood-stabilizing drugs, numbers as reference citations. Superoxide radical (O2-•), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH•), nitric oxide (NO•), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), glutamyl-cysteine ligase (GCL), glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Mood stabilizers: Lithium (Li+), valproate (VPA), olanzapine (OLZ), lamotrigine (LTG), Individualized psychiatric treatment in humans (Tx).