Bio-Logical Human Tissue Based Electronic Circuits-An Alternate to Drug Therapy for Sick-Man (A Perspective Visionary Concept)

Scientifically, the normal human body functioning is due to the appropriate controlled dynamics of positive and negative ions of its tissues (blood, skin, nerves, intestine, muscle, capillaries etc.) and organs. From first order of approximation one can state that the status of human health heavily depends on the dynamics of its tissue/organ system's ion profiles. If by food intake or by environmental disturbances the man become sick then its ion profiles deteriorates. Customarily the Physician treats the sick man by giving external dose of chemical drugs which after biochemical reactions/interactions inside the human body brings back the deterioration in the ion profiles to zero and thus the man becomes normal. In this context we for the first time propose an alternate to CDBHDH by using HTBEC to normalize the disturbed ion profiles. This concept of HTBEC has excellent high technology impact towards detecting and healing of human diseases.


Introduction
The importance of human blood electronic circuit components and their application circuits towards Cyborg implant/engineering, manmachine interfacing, human disease detection and healing, artificial brain evolution etc. are now gradually emerging [1][2][3][4][5].

The intuition (provoking thought)
Scientifically, the normal human body functioning is due to the appropriate controlled dynamics of positive and negative ions of its tissues (blood, skin, nerves, intestine, muscle, capillaries etc.) and organs. From first order of approximation one can state that the status of human health heavily depends on the dynamics of its tissue/organ system's ion profiles. If by food intake or by environmental disturbances the man become sick then its ion profiles deteriorates. Customarily the Physician treats the sick man by giving external dose of chemical drugs which after biochemical reactions/interactions inside the human body brings back the deterioration in the ion profiles to zero and thus the man becomes normal. In this context we for the first time propose an alternate to CDBHDH by using HTBEC to normalize the disturbed ion profiles. This concept of HTBEC has excellent high technology impact towards detecting and healing of human diseases.

Biological resistance R and capacitance C
Human blood containing electrically charged particle ions under influence of external emf acquire dynamism and face collisions and thus manifest resistance R. Similarly the electrically charged dynamic ions of blood molecules/atoms which are distantly placed have dynamic emf field between them and thus manifest capacitance.

Biological memristors network
The first physical model of human blood liquid memristor was reported by us in April 2011 [1]. In Figure 1, three bio resistances (formed by probes AB, DC, EF) are sequentially connected in series and later on in parallel (circuit configuration) respectively having voltage power supply and current measuring instrument Ammeter in the closed electronic circuit. Memristance characteristics (resistance retention for positive, and negative EMF modes, as well as nonlinear behavior of charge "Q" with elapsed for continuous flow of current time "t") first individually and subsequently in series and parallel networks were realized are shown in Charts 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 2, 3, 4A and 4B [3].  Figure 3A and 3B depicts in a self-explanatory manner our reported realization of human skin based active devices Diode/Transistor with performance characteristics [Chart 6A, 6B and 7A, 7B] [5].

Biological human blood based IC amplifier
For the first time ( Figure 5) human blood IC amplifier circuit is demonstrated. First the discrete (values of passive/active) electronic circuit components, resistances, capacitances and transistor along with harness of theoretical circuit were configured and examined for amplifier characteristics. Later on in a glass flask filled with human blood the biological electronic circuit components of theoretical circuit (R1, R2, RC, RE, C1, C2 and Transistor) were realized by inserting metallic probes in the blood. The gain of the amplifier v/s frequency is presented in Chart 8 [4].

Biological human blood based digital biological OR/AND gates
The biological digital circuits OR & AND gates were realized as shown in Figure 6. Two diode probes A & B were inserted in glass beaker containing blood. These two probes were then appropriately connected to the voltage power supply and resistance (R=2.2 KΩ) to realize OR & AND gates.

The Research Study (Conceptual)
We have realized human tissue based memristor (2010), electronic diode (2011), electronic transistor; analog and digital circuits referred above utilizing wire harness and thin inserted metallic probes. Now we propose to utilize nerves, blood vessel capillaries, bones, muscles, intestines, axon etc. as harness constituent elements. Scientifically it looks possible to develop the bio-logical electrical harness made from nerves, blood vessel capillaries, bones, muscles, intestines. Because all the human tissues (chemicals) contain electrically conducting positive and negative ions ( of inorganic/organic compound ) and hence if we can sort out insulation (electrically) problem among parallel or sideby-side running human tissues (bones, capillaries, nerves etc.), the creation of HTBEC at appropriate points/location inside human body is just feasible using expertise of Medical Surgeons. In this context we are proposing the following conceptual circuits which can be created inside the human body using expert surgery methodology.

Insight into fabrication technology
Human tissues (blood capillaries, muscular cells, nerve and muscles cells, conducting militated axon -fiber, cell membranes of nerves etc.) proper geometrical dimensions, (realized by surgical -transplant operations) can be electrically/mechanically/chemically tuned to demonstrate/functions of R, C, L, diode and transistor. For example nerve fiber of various diameter and size demonstrate mechanical conduction velocity [6]. The nerve plays role in energy transfer and also in metabolism. It is also known that body fluids contain large quantities of electrolytes where the nerves in the body can function as a conducting transmitting channel (like conducting electrical wire).

Description of the human tissue (two blood capillaries) based bio-electronic
Amplifier circuit: Figure 7A depicts the theoretical electronic amplifier circuit made of discrete semiconductor components CB, RB Transistor T, Coupling capacitor CL and biasing resistor RL along with   Chart 6A: V-1 charecteristics first finger skin based Diode rectangular silver coated Cu probes, variable distanced d=1,2,3.
voltage power supply terminals (positive & negative earth terminal). The feedback from collector to base is due to shunt resistance RB. Figure  7B depicts a bio-electronic circuit made from two blood carrying thin capillary tubes. The discrete components of Figure 7A are realized in Figure 7B as under.
The bio transistor amplifier circuit: The four thin probe terminals (1,2,3,4) inserted into the blood vessel capillary (like blood artery) represents the bio-transistor (probe 1 functions as base, probe 4 functions as collector, probes 2-3 functions as earthed emitter). This configuration depicts two diodes forming a transistor in back to back Chart 7B: HTSBET input charecteristics for d=2mm, V BE =1,2,3, Volt, parallel polari.    configuration. The bio-transistor probe terminals are connected to various bio-resistances and capacitors (CB, RB, CL, RL) exactly shown in Figure 7A. The voltage supply VS & VB are also incorporated in the circuit. Conventional electronic circuit input/output characteristic are realizable using VS & VB (preferably below 2 Volts). We have already reported the realization of bio-electronic circuit components (CB, RB, CL, RL, Bio-transistor) and experimentally. Preliminary they function exactly similar to discrete semiconductor components.
The feedback in bio-transistor amplifier circuit layout ( Figure 7A) can be explained using the Miller Effect Analysis. Feedback decreases the input and output impedances of the circuit.
Description of human palm based bio-electronic amplifier configuration: Figure 8 depicts the theoretical electronic amplifier circuit made of discrete semiconductor components resistances R1, R2, Rc and capacitor C. The Transistor is symbolically represented. The voltage supply Vin and Vout are also depicted. Figure 8 also depicts a bio-electronic amplifier circuit made of thin palm blood Capillaries / arteries. Here the bio-transistor is formed using blood carrying vessel (capillary on middle palm portion) with three thin probes depicting collector C, base B and emitter E (Earth). Resistances R1 and R2 (near end finger) and resistance and voltage bias resistor Rc (over the thumb) can be realized using arteries. The capacitor C connected to the base of bio-transistor amplifier is located at the end of thumb portion. I strongly foresee the realization of such live bio-electronic circuits using surgical methods in near future.
The ratio of resistances R1 & R2 can be adjusted fix up the conventional operating point Q of amplifier. In bio-circuit application also these resistances may be adjusted like other conventional electronic amplifier. The R1and R2 used exclusively for operating point Q fixation.
Description of human leg joint based Bio-Electronic logic circuit NOR: Figure 9 depict a theoretical logic circuit and a feasible/ realizable human body leg joint based bio-electronic logic gate circuit. Here the theoretical circuit uses two 10k resistances in the input side to conventional semiconductor transistor 2N2222 and resistance 4.7 k in the output side. Power supply of 5V also connected conventionally. The bio-electronics circuit can be realized using leg joint muscles, nerves, bones, blood capillaries /arteries along with harness using methodology described above (sub sections 5.1.1, 5.1.2). The two parallel resistances 10k and 10k are realizable on bone were as the bio-transistor (2N2222) can be realized on blood vessel capillary. The collector bias resister 4.7 k can be realized at muscle/ flesh junction. Table 2 outlines some feasible conceptual fabrication technological tips for realization of biological circuits inside the human body (tissues) using careful expert surgery techniques (methodology).

Conclusion
I. Using advance medical surgery techniques one can fabricate various constituent parts of HTBEC (from flexible capillaries, bones, muscles, nerves, etc.) at specified location inside human body. The supply voltage terminal can be brought to outside the human body that is on the human skin surface.
II. Toxic, other harmful effects HTBEC on the normal functioning of the human body system has to be studied in depth.
III. This concept can be first tried on animal or just dead body tissues.
IV. Selection of HTBEC location inside the human body is a complex difficult process and is a key to the success.
V. Application toward Cyborg implants, and simple diseases healing experimental studies are called for proving the concept.