Authors & Year Participants Age Marijuana Use Classification Field Strength & Spatial Localization Regions of Interest MRS Results Clinical or Cognitive MRS Correlates Chang et al. [43] 42 HIV+ 21 MJ (3F) 21 CON (4F) 54 HIV- 24 MJ (4F) 30 CON (6F) 42.7 ± 1.7 44.2 ± 3.0 36.3 ± 2.3 42.2 ± 2.2 > 4 days/week 4T Varian SV MRS Thal, rBG, FWM, CBV, rPar WM, occ WM ↓ BG [NAA] HIV+- MJ [mI] [Cho] [Glu] HIV- MJ ↑ Thal [Cr] HIV- MJ ↑ FWM [Glu] HIV+ MJ ↓ BG [Cho] ↑ MJ use ↑ FWM [Glu] ↑ duration use HIV+ MJ Hermann et al.  [44] 13 MJ (0F) 13 CON (0F) 22.2 ± 2.0 23.0 ± 2.0 near-daily MJ use 1.5T Siemens MRSI BG, Thal, DLPFC, FWM, HC, VTA, ACC, PCC ↓ DLPFC NAA/tCr MJ none significant Cowan et al. [45] 17 polypro (aF) (ecst, alc, MJ, coc) 21.6 ± 2.7 ≥ 500 lifetime episodes of MJ use 3T GE 3T Philips SV MRS lBA18, BA21, BA45 no non-MJ group comparisons ↑ lifetime MJ use ↓ lBA 45 NAA/Cr Prescot et al. [32] 17 MJ (2F) 17 CON (9F) 17.8 ± 1.1 16.2 ± 2.1 ≥ 100 past year MJ use 3T Siemens SV MRS ACC ↓ ACC Glu/H20 NAA/H20 tCr/H20 mI/H20 MJ none significant Silveri et al. [33] 15 MJ-depend (0F) 11 NU (0F) 21.2 ± 3.4 25.0 ± 4.8 DSM-IV criteria for MJ dependence 4T Varian MRSI multiple voxels in MTL ↓ global mI/Cr MJ ↓ WM mI/Cr MJ ↑ MJ use, ↓ onset use ↓ non-planning ↑ cognitive impulsivity (BIS) ↓ depression (BDI) ↑ tension (POMS) Sung et al. [48] 9 MA (6F) 8 MA + MJ (5F) 10 CON (7F) 15.7 ± 1.4 16.2 ± 1.2 16.8 ± 0.6 K-SADS criteria for MJ dependence 3T Siemens SV MRS midfrontal GM ↓ NAA/tCr MA + MJ ↑ lifetime MJ dose ↓ onset MJ use ↓ duration of MJ use Mashhoon et al., in press [46] 13 MJ-depend (0F) 10 NU (0F) 21.3 ± 3.6 24.7 ± 4.9 DSM-IV criteria for MJ dependence 4T Varian MRSI Thal, TC, POC ↓ lThal mI/Cr MJ ↑ cognitive impulsivity Prescot et al. [47] 13 MJ (2F) 16 CON (9F) 17.9 ± 1.0 16.0 ± 2.2 ≥ 100 past year MJ use 3T Siemens SV MRS ACC ↓ ACC GABA/H20 Glu/H20 NAA/H20 tCr/H20 mI/H20 MJ none significant

Table 1: Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Investigations of Marijuana Effects.