X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Practical example Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Proteinuria Regular exercise Age (years) Levels 0, 1 0, 1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 0, 1 20-100 Mean 0.2 0.3 2 0.3 43 Odds Ratio 2 2.5 1.6 0.7 2.7 with 50 units of increase

Table 1: Characteristics of the simulation population described by five independent variables (x1 through x5), which are predictors used in simulation exercises. The overall outcome rate (mortality) was 16%.