| Fixed effects |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
P-value |
Model 3 |
P-value |
Model 4 |
P-value |
| Age group |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15-19 |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| 20-24 |
|
1.9262 (.1285) |
0.000 |
2.0146 (.1462) |
0.000 |
1.9916 (.1443) |
0.000 |
| 25-29 |
|
1.8252 (.1322) |
0.000 |
1.7903 (.1406) |
0.000 |
1.7688 (.1385) |
0.000 |
| 30-34 |
|
1.6209 (.1334) |
0.000 |
1.6409 (.1474) |
0.000 |
1.6165 (.1448) |
0.000 |
| 35-39 |
|
1.3888 (.1167) |
0.000 |
1.4086 (.1298) |
0.000 |
1.3836 (.1270) |
0.000 |
| 40-44 |
|
1.1360 (.1085) |
0.182 |
1.0791 (.1127) |
0.466 |
1.0593 (.1103) |
0.580 |
| 45-49 |
|
.8529 (.0879) |
0.123 |
.8576 (.0964) |
0.172 |
.8398 (.0941) |
0.120 |
| 50-54 |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| 55-59 |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Place of residence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rural |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Urban |
|
2.3337 (.3073) |
0.000 |
1.4972 (.1875) |
0.001 |
1.4830 (.1857) |
0.002 |
| Education level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No education |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Primary |
|
2.3076 (.1208) |
0.000 |
1.6785 (.1013) |
0.000 |
1.6854 (.1004) |
0.000 |
| Secondary |
|
3.7547 (.3261) |
0.000 |
2.0280 (.1893) |
0.000 |
2.0401 (.1880) |
0.000 |
| Higher |
|
5.0011 (.5296) |
0.000 |
2.6474 (.2955) |
0.000 |
2.6364 (.2913) |
0.000 |
| Religion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Christian |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Muslim |
|
1.0461 (.0736) |
0.522 |
1.0516 (.0798) |
0.508 |
- |
- |
| Others |
|
.4702 (.1077) |
0.001 |
.5127 (.1256) |
0.006 |
- |
- |
| Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tigrean |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Affar |
|
.3420 (.0888) |
0.000 |
.4594 (.1266) |
0.005 |
.4865 (.1329) |
0.008 |
| Amara |
|
.7736 (.1226) |
0.105 |
.7178 (.1165) |
0.041 |
.7225 ( .1173) |
0.045 |
| Guragie |
|
.6649 (.1250) |
0.030 |
.5761 (.1097) |
0.004 |
.5986 ( .1132) |
0.007 |
| Somalie |
|
.3192 (.0798) |
0.000 |
.3453 (.0899) |
0.000 |
.3670 ( .0945) |
0.000 |
| Sidama |
|
.2741 (.0817) |
0.000 |
.3409 (.0999) |
0.000 |
3522 ( .1033) |
0.000 |
| Oromo |
|
.5457 (.0902) |
0.000 |
.5796 (.0982) |
0.001 |
.5964 ( .1006) |
0.002 |
| Nuwer |
|
.1135 (.0400) |
0.000 |
.2593 (.0899) |
0.000 |
.2601 ( .0903) |
0.000 |
| Welaiyta |
|
.4996 (.1233) |
0.005 |
.4630 (.1164) |
0.002 |
.4754 ( .1195) |
0.003 |
| Others |
|
.4873 (.0821) |
0.000 |
.5480 (.0943) |
0.000 |
.5520 ( .0948) |
0.001 |
| Wealth Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poorest |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Poorer |
|
1.3315 (.1020) |
0.000 |
1.2509 (.1085) |
0.010 |
1.2694 ( .1097) |
0.006 |
| Middle |
|
1.6265 (.1291) |
0.000 |
1.4386 (.1286) |
0.000 |
1.4736 (.1310) |
0.000 |
| Richer |
|
2.0081 (.1629) |
0.000 |
1.5903 (.1449) |
0.000 |
1.6326 ( .1476) |
0.000 |
| Richest |
|
2.6473 (.2874) |
0.000 |
1.7771 (.2136) |
0.000 |
1.8394 ( .2193) |
0.000 |
| Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Not married |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Divorced |
|
2.6632 (.2622) |
0.000 |
2.6329 (.2853) |
0.000 |
2.6293 (.2845) |
0.000 |
| Widowed |
|
2.2875 (.2835) |
0.000 |
2.1413 (.2899) |
0.000 |
2.1297 (.2883) |
0.000 |
| Married |
|
2.4906 (.1544) |
0.000 |
2.4681 (.1637) |
0.000 |
2.4700 (.1635) |
0.000 |
| HIV related knowledge |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
|
|
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| High |
|
|
|
.9015 (.0652) |
0.152 |
- |
- |
| comprehensive |
|
|
|
.8867 (.0654) |
0.103 |
- |
- |
| HIV related stigma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No stigma |
|
|
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Low |
|
|
|
.9115 (.0552) |
0.127 |
.9144 (.0553) |
0.139 |
| Moderate |
|
|
|
.6176 (.0407) |
0.000 |
.6176 (.0403) |
0.000 |
| High |
|
|
|
.6325 (.0937) |
0.002 |
.6420 (.0943) |
0.003 |
| HIV risky behaviour |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No risk |
|
|
|
Ref (0) |
|
|
|
| Some risk |
|
|
|
.9203 (.0489) |
0.118 |
- |
- |
| High |
|
|
|
.8542 (.0762) |
0.078 |
- |
- |
| Media exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
|
|
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Yes |
|
|
|
1.0693 (.0651) |
0.271 |
1.4705 (.0782) |
0.000 |
| Heard Family planning on Mass Media |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
|
|
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Yes |
|
|
|
1.4370 (.0807) |
0.000 |
1.4705 (.0782) |
0.000 |
| Knowing Place for HIV test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
|
|
|
Ref (0) |
|
Ref (0) |
|
| Yes |
|
|
|
1891.14 (1340) |
0.000 |
1875.2 (1328.6) |
0.000 |
| Random effects |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|
Model 3 |
|
Model 4 |
|
| Region |
1.1608 (.5173)** |
.7241 (.0636)** |
|
.2679 (.1354)** |
|
.2733
(.1373)** |
|
| Cluster |
1.4636 (.1127)** |
.7241 (.0636)** |
|
.4678 (.0505)** |
|
.4764
(.0510)** |
|
| Residual |
3.27 |
3.27 |
|
3.27 |
|
3.27 |
|
| Model Fit Statistics |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|
Model 3 |
|
Model 4 |
|
| Deviance |
18420.45 |
18085.76 |
|
14948.03 |
|
13612.16 |
|
| AIC |
18426.45 |
18096.89 |
|
14959.04 |
|
13680.17 |
|
| BIC |
18449.59 |
18343.68 |
|
15304.48 |
|
13942.38 |
|
|
N.B:
Model 1: Represents random intercept model i.e. an empty model
Model 2: A multilevel multiple logistic model that consists socio-demographic and economic variables
Model 3: A multilevel logistic model included both socioeconomic characteristics and HIV related knowledge, stigma, risky social behaviour, media exposure, heard family planning and knowing place where to get test for HIV.
Model 4: The final multilevel logistic model with significant predictors associated with HIV testing |
| Table 12: Parameters and standard errors of multiple multilevel model predicting the probability of ever been tested for HIV with random intercept and fixed slope among women, Ethiopia (S.E.s are placed in parentheses). |
