Substance Bacteria Inhibitory effect, %   Ref.
Scots pine,needles Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus mirabilis Klebsiellapneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Enterococcus faecalis Bacillus subtilis MIC > 100 mg L-1 MIC > 100 mg L-1 MIC > 100 mg L-1 MIC > 100 mg L-1 MIC 25 mg L- 1, MBC >50 mg L-1 MIC > 100 mg L-1 MIC 12.5 mg L-1, MBC > 50 mg L-1 MIC 3.1 mg L-1 MIC 50 mg L-1 Agar diffusion andliquid dilutionmethods [35]
Scots pine,needles Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiellapneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Acinetobacterhumanii Aeromonassobria Enterococcus faecalis Salmonella typhimurium Serratiamarcescens Escherichia coli MIC 2.0 % (v/v) MIC > 2.0 % (v/v) MIC > 2.0 % (v/v) MIC > 2.0 % (v/v) MIC 2.0 % (v/v) MIC 2.0 % (v/v) MIC > 2.0 % (v/v) MIC > 2.0 % (v/v) MIC > 2.0 % (v/v)>16 % Agar dilutionmethod [25]
Norway spruce,essential oilcommercial Klebsiellapneumoniae Klebsiellaoxytoca Enterobacter cloacae Staphylococcus aureus Listeria monocytogenes Listeria ivanovii ≥16 % ≥16 % ≥16 % MIC 0.022-0.061%, MBC 0.25% MIC 0.015-0.067%, MBC 0.20% MIC 0.025%, MBC 0.27 % Dilution [57]
α-Pinene Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Yersinia enterocolitica Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermis Enterococcus faecalis Bacillus cereus MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 Broth dilution,visible growth [58]
Listeria monocytogenes MIC 0.019-0.025%, MBC 0.192-0.354% Broth dilution, visible growth [55]
Several bacteria No activity

 

Vapour diffusion test,

Agar test

 [59, 60]
β-Pinene Listeria monocytogenes MIC 0.041-0.060%, MBC 0.55-1.167% Broth dilution, visible growth [55]
R Limonene Listeria monocytogenes MIC 0.047-0.062%, MBC 0.208-0.45% Broth dilution, visible growth [55]
S Limonene Listeria monocytogenes MIC 0.028-0.062%, MBC 0.15-0.45% Broth dilution,visible growth [55]
Borneol Listeria monocytogenes MIC 0.039-0.094%, MBC 0.039-0.156% Broth dilution, visible growth [55]
1,8-Cineole Listeria monocytogenes MIC 0.375-0.417%, MBC 0.375-0.417% Broth dilution,visible growth [55]
Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiellapneumoniae Acinetobacterbaumanii Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA Staphylococcus epidermis Staphylococcus agalactiae Staphylococcus pyogenes Enterococcus faecalis, VRE MIC > 8 mg mL-1 MIC > 8 mg mL-1 MIC > 8 mg mL-1 MIC 8 mg mL-1 MIC 32 mg mL-1 MIC > 8 mg mL-1 MIC 64 mg mL-1 MIC > 8 mg mL-1 MIC > 8 mg mL-1 MIC 16 mg mL-1 MIC > 8 mg mL-1 Brothmicrodilution [18]
Bacillus acereus Not active Vapour diffusion [59]
Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus MIC 1% v/v MIC >8% v/v MIC 0.5% v/v N.a. [61]
p-Cymene Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Yersinia enterocolitica Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermis Enterococcus faecalis Listeria monocytogenes Bacillus cereus MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MIC >8% v/v MIC >8% v/v Brothmicrodilution [58]
Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus MIC >8% v/v N.a. [61]
Terpinen-4-ol Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus MIC >8% v/v MIC >8% v/v MIC 0.25% v/v N.a. [61]
γ-Terpinene Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Yersinia enterocolitica Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermis Enterococcus faecalis Listeria monocytogenes Bacillus acereus MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 Brothmicrodilution [58]
Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Enteropactersp. MIC > 1 mg mL-1 Agar [60]
Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus MIC >8% v/v MIC >8% v/v MIC 0.25% v/v N.a. [61]
α-Terpineol Escherichia coli Escherichia coli O157:H7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Yersinia enterocolitica Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermis Enterococcus faecalis Listeria monocytogenes Bacillus acereus MBC 450 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC 225 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC 900 mg L-1 MBC > 900 mg L-1 MBC 900 mg L-1 Broth dilution,visible growth [58]
Na. = not announced
Table 5: Essential oils of conifers and pure monoterpenes and -terpenoids with their activity against selected bacteria.