Parameter (×10-4 mL/min mg) (mg/g)  
Pb(II)
Flow rate (ml min-1)
2 0.01 1,25,602.31 1
10 0.05 94,101.25 1
20 0.12 61,321.28 1
Initial Pb(II) concentration (mg l-1)
10 0.05 94,101.25 1
50 0.01 96,771.82 1
100 0.008 98,811.36 1
Column bed depth (cm)
1.5 2.13 70,211.73 1
2 0.05 94,101.25 1
2.5 0.01 95,526.85 1
Cu(II)
Flow rate (ml min-1)
2 0.51 6,489.71 1
10 2.21 2,532.56 1
20 5.32 1,235.45 1
Initial Cu(II) concentration (mg l-1)
10 2.21 811.62 1
50 0.15 1,102.61 1
100 0.05 2,532.56 1
Column bed depth (cm)
1.5 5.75 1,101.25 1
2 2.21 2,532.56 1
2.5 1.13 5,175.61 1
Cd(II)
Flow rate (ml min-1)
2 2.51 3,756.85 1
10 12.15 1,625.78 1
20 16.89 989.36 1
Initial Cd(II) concentration (mg l-1)
10 12.15 1,625.78 1
50 5.02 2,811.75 1
100 1.01 2,989.65 1
Column bed depth (cm)
1.5 14.12 3,110.27 1
2 12.15 1,625.78 1
2.5 9.35 899.36 1
Table 3: Thomas model parameters.