Scheme 1: This illustration shows the immobilization chemistry process to covalently bind TP onto the end of the 16-MHDA SAM of the GDE. A: Bare Au disk Electrode. B: 1 mM 16-MHDA Linker. C: EDC/NHS coupling. D: 100 nM TP Immobilization. E: 1% Ethanolamine Blocking. F: Activated TP. G: TP biding to WT. H: Au Electrode setup using Eppendorf tube. Once immobilized a solution that contains the WT would show binding occur and result in a current and impedance change in real time as seen on a Nyquist graph.