Detection method   Limit of detection (ng/ml) References  
Quartz crystal microbalance sensors 5000 [28]
Fluoroimmunoassay 1000 [36]
Aptamer microarray 320 [29]
Lateral flow devices 250 [36]
ELISA 80 [8]
Inhibition of lysozyme 80 [31]
Immunochromatographic assay 50 [12]
Immunocapture coupled with LC-MALDI-MS 50 [54]
ELISA with colorimetric measurement 40 [18]
Microarray biosensor assay 10 [28]
Immunoassay 5 [9]
Fluoroimmunoassay 1 [35]
Biosensor assay 0.5 [27]
Microelectromechanical sensors assay 0.4 [36]
Microarray biosensor assay 0.18 [37]
Surface Plasmon Resonance 0.1 [39]
Sandwich avidin/biotin ELISA 0.2 [40]
Immunoassay on gel-based microchips 0.1 [14]
Chemiluminescence ELISA 0.1 [19]
Protein array 0.1 [41]
Luciferase-based assay 0.001 [42]
Piezoelectric detection 10 μg/crystal [38]
IPCR 0.00001 [15]
Radioimmunoassay 0.05-0.1 [10]
Immunocapture coupled with LC-ESI-MS/MS 0.1 [53]
Multiplex assay 10-100 [43]
Table 2: Overview of ricin detection methods based on Lubelli et al. [15] and Ler et al. [57] with slight modifications.