product concentration [mM] substrate L-glutamate L-lysine L-arginine putrescine thick juice 56.5 ± 1.0 33.0 ± 0.2 43.9 ± 1.3 46.6 ± 1.3 sucrose 45.3 ± 2.3 14.4 ± 1.4 50.3 ± 1.4 49.4 ± 3.6

Table 3: Maximal titers of produced amino acids and putrescine with thick juice or sucrose.