Immunopathology Character Species PD-1 -/- Lupus-like autoimmune disease Spontaneous Mouse [38]   Cardiomyopathy Spontaneous Mouse  [39]   Type 1 diabetes Predisposition Mouse [40]         PD-1 blockade Type I diabetes Spontaneous Mouse [40]   Graft vs host disease Worsened Mouse [41]   Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Worsened Mouse [42] PD-1 polymorphisms Multiple sclerosis Susceptibility Human [43]   Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility Human [44]   Lupus Nephritis Susceptibility Human [45]   Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility Human [46]   Ankylosing Spondylitis Susceptibility Human [47] Cbl-b -/- Type I diabetes Susceptibility Rat [48]   Multisystem autoimmune disease Spontaneous Mouse [49]   Tumour rejection Spontaneous Mouse [50]   Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Susceptibility Mouse [22]

Table 1: Interference with PD-L1/PD-1 negative co-stimulation or Cbl-b favours autoimmune disorders.