| Treatment |
Main mechanisms of action |
Vascular impact |
References |
| Anti-TNF-α
(infliximab, etanercept
and adalimumab) |
Bind soluble TNF-α (immunosuppressant) |
Inhibit TNF-α induced angiogenesis and the expression
of adhesion molecules |
[36,49,50,53] |
| Anti-CD11a
(efalizumab) |
Block LFA-1 (inhibition of T cell activation by dendritic cells) |
Block leukocyte adherence to endothelium via ICAM-1 |
[1,56] |
| Retinoids
(acitretin) |
Retinoic acid receptors agonist (antiproliferative and promotion
of epidermal differentiation) |
Downregulate VEGF secretion by keratinocytes |
[22,47,58] |
| Vitamin D3 analogues
(calcitriol, calcipotriol
and tacalcitol) |
Vitamin D receptor agonist (antiproliferative and promotion of
epidermal differentiation) |
Inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis and has
antiproliferative activity on endothelial cells |
[59-61] |
| Methotrexate |
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (antiproliferative and
immunosuppressant) |
Inhibit the expression of adhesion molecules and has
antiproliferative activity on endothelial cells |
[50,62-66] |
| Cyclosporine |
Inhibit calcineurin causing a downregulation of IL-2
(immunosuppressant) |
Inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis |
[67,68] |
| Phototherapy
(PUVA, nUVB) |
Damage DNA (antiproliferative and lymphotoxic) |
Downregulate VEGF secretion and has antiproliferative
activity on endothelial cells |
[47,69,70] |
