| Pharmaceutical class |
Substances |
Electrophoretic conditions |
| Penicillins |
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Benzylpenicillin, Phenoxymethypenicillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacilin |
40 mM sodium tetraborate + 100 mM SDS, pH – 9.3
voltage: + 10kV, temperature: 20°C, UV detection 210 nm |
| Cephalosporins |
Cefazoline, Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefoperazone, Ceftazidime |
20 mM sodium tetraborate + 15 mM disodium hydrogenophosphate + 50 mM SDS
pH – 6.5
voltage: + 18kV, temperature: 20°C, UV detection 214 nm |
| Macrolides |
Erythromycin, Tylosin and related substances |
80 mM sodium phosphate + 20 mMsodium cholate + 7 mMAcetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, pH – 7.5
voltage: + 15kV, temperature: 25°C, UV detection 280 nm |
| Aminoglycosides |
Gentamicin, Sisomicin, Netilmicin, Kanamycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin |
100 mM sodium tetraborate + 20 mM sodium deoxycholate + 15 mM beta-cyclodextrin, pH – 10
voltage: + 20kV, temperature: 25°C |
| Tetracyclines |
Tetracycline, Oxytetracicline, Democlocycline, Chlortetracycline, Doxycicline, Minocycline |
15 mM ammonium acetate + 20 mM SDS, pH – 6.5
voltage: + 15kV, temperature: 25°C |
| Sulfonamides |
Sulfamethazine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfathiazole, Sulfachloropyridazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfacarbamide, Sulfaguanidine |
13.32 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate, 6.67 mM potassium dihydrogenphosphate + 40 mM SDS, pH – 7.5
voltage: + 21kV, temperature: 25°C
fluorescence detection |
| Fluoroquinolones |
Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Danofloxacin |
25 mM sodium carbonate + 100 mM SDS, pH – 9.2
voltage: + 20kV, temperature: 30°C, UV detection 280 nm |
| Antifungal azoles |
Fluconazole, Voriconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole |
25 mM phosphoric acid + 100 mM SDS + 13 % acetonitrile + 13% tetrahydrofuran, pH – 2.2 |
| Barbiturates |
Phenobarbital, Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital, Butabarbital |
10 mM sodium tetraborate + 10 mM disodium hydrogenophosphate + 100 mM SDS + 15% acetonitrile. pH - 8.5
voltage: + 20 kV, UV detection 214 nm |
| Benzodiazepines |
Flunitrazepam, Diazepam, Midazolam, Clonazepam, Bromazepam, Temazepam, Oxazepam, Lorazepam |
25 mM phosphate/borate + 75 mM SDS, pH – 9.3 |
| Phenotiazines |
Promethazino, Ethopropazine, Trimeprazine, Methoprimeprazine, Thioridazine |
80 mM citric acid + 10 mMtetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide + 7 mM β-CD (9 mM HP β-CD), pH – 3.5
voltage: + 20kV, temperature: 25°C, UV detection 254 nm
enantiomer separation |
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
Imipramine, Amitriptyline, Desipramine, Nortriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine |
37.5 mM phosphate + 25 mMdodecyltrimethylammonium bromide + 2 M urea, pH – 8
voltage: + 25kV |
| Benzodiazepines |
Alprazolam, Bromazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam, Flunitrazepam, Medazepam, Oxazepam, Nitrazepam |
25 mM sodium tetraborate + 50 mM SDS + 12% methanol, pH – 9.3
voltage: + 25kV, temperature: 20°C, UV detection |
| Xanthines |
Caffeine, Theobromine, Theophylline, Pentoxifylline |
20 mM sodium tetraborate + 100 mM SDS, pH – 9.3
voltage: + 30kV, temperature: 25°C, UV detection 274 nm |
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