Analyte A(petroleum) F(initial process) K(initial process) G(final process) L(final process)
formic acid 15±5 5±2 1.1±0.03 1±0.06 1.5±0.8
acetic acid Below LOQ 13±3 20±6 3.2±0.6 3.9±0.8
oxalic acid 8±5 Below LOQa Below LOQ NDb ND
lactic acid ND 186±19 27±4 ND ND
3-hydroxybutyric acid Below LOQ Below LOQ 1.1±0.1 ND ND
butanediol Below LOQ 5.1±0.3 3.6±0.1 ND ND
benzoic acid 2.00±0.03 Below LOQ ND ND ND
glycerol ND 0.49±0.06 ND ND 0.23±0.03
malic acid 1159±24 10±2 Below LOQ Below LOQ Below LOQ
phthalic acid 7±2 ND ND ND ND
citric acid ND Below LOQ 8±1 ND ND
glucose Below LOQ 3.1±0.2 0.07±0.01 0.02±0.001 Below LOQ
a Below LOQ – below quantification limit
b ND – not detected
Table 4: Concentrations of acids and saccharides in bioprocessed succinic acid samples reported as a mean value (in μg/g) ± one standard deviation (n=3).