Academic skills Abilities Responsiveness Desirability Interactions
Previous academic performance
Cumulative GPA     0.19    
      (0.05; 0.43)    
Most recent GPA 0.25        
  (0.01; 0.50)        
Most recent English Grade 0.09   0.22    
  (-0.02; 0.19)   (0.12; 0.31)**    
Self reported English proficiency
(scale: 4-20)
    0.08    
    (0.02;  0.13)*    
No. distance courses taken 0.18        
  (0.02; 0.35)*        
           
IT conditions          
Having desktop PC vs. Laptop   0.30   0.34  
    (-0.17; 0.78)   (-0.16; 0.84)  
Ease of computer access
(1-Can't; 5-Whenever)
0.25 0.45   0.47  
(-0.01; 0.51) (0.20; 0.70)**   (0.16; 0.78)**  
Ease of internet access
(1-Can't; 5-Whenever)
0.21        
(-0.12; 0.53)        
Computer and internet use          
Frequency of daily computer use
(1-None; 5-Very often)
    0.29 0.72  
      (0.01; 0.56)* (-0.02; 1.46)  
Computer use (hr/day) 0.17 0.23      
  (-0.03; 0.37) (-0.03; 0.49)      
Frequency of daily internet use
(1-None; 5-Very often)
      -0.79  
      (-1.55; -0.02)*  
Internet use (hr/day) -0.23 -0.30 -0.10 -0.05  
  (-0.44; -0.03)* (-0.55; 0.04)* (-0.15; -0.05)** (-0.12; 0.02)  
Daily study time using computer and internet (hr)   -0.09 0.16 -0.09 0.13
  (-0.21; 0.03) (0.07; 0.25)** (-0.22; 0.04) (0.02; 0.24)*
           
Time for distance learning (hr/day)     0.06 0.08  
    (-0.02; 0.15) (-0.04; 0.21)  
           
Constant 3.98 2.47 1.38 2.48 2.63
  (1.70; 6.27)** (1.62; 3.33)** (-0.63; 3.39) (0.83; 4.12)** (2.23; 3.04)**
R-squared 0.47 0.38 0.66 0.41 0.27
95% confidence intervals in parentheses
* significant at 5%; ** significant at 1% 
Table 4: Factors associated with improvements in learning outcomes.