| 
      NRS: Nutritional Risk Screening; ASA: The United States before surgery anesthesiologist association risk classification
        | Data | CHOD (n = 24) | Placebo (n = 24) | Statistic | P |  
        | Sex    ratio (M:F) | 17∕7 | 17∕7 | X2 = 0.000 | 1.000 |  
        | Age    (years) | 63.38 ± 9.07 | 62.58 ± 10.22 | t = 0.516 | 0.476 |  
        | Height (cm) | 165.29 ± 8.77 | 166.25 ± 8.14 | t = 0.127 | 0.723 |  
        | Weight (kg) | 64.6 ± 10.4 | 63.8 ± 10.3 | t = 0.051 | 0.823 |  
        | Body    mass index (kg/m2) | 23.64 ± 2.80 | 2.91 ± 3.19 | t = 0.858 | 0.359 |  
        | NRS    grade |  |  | X2 = 0.820 | 0.574 |  
        | 1~2 | 17 | 14 |  |  |  
        | 3~4 | 7 | 10 |  |  |  
        | 5~6 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  
        | ASA    classification |  |  | X2 = 0.202 | 0.904 |  
        | I | 8 | 9 |  |  |  
        | II | 12 | 12 |  |  |  
        | III | 4 | 3 |  |  |  
        | >    III | 0 | 0 |  |  |  
        | Liver    function Child state |  |  | X2 = 0.762 | 0.666 |  
        | A | 20 | 22 |  |  |  
        | B | 4 | 2 |  |  |  
        | C | 0 | 0 |  |  |  
        | Duration    of surgery (min) | 165.38 ± 33.31 | 151.83 ± 34.29 | t = 0.023 | 0.881 |  
        | Intraoperative    blood loss (ml) | 248.75 ± 76.0 | 225.83 ± 87.52 | t = 0.516 | 0.476 |  
        | Intraoperative    fluid transfusion (ml) | 1495.83 ± 295.59 | 514.58 ± 344.99 | t = 0.442 | 0.510 |  |