Figure 2: The phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR or PAM) pathway promotes cell growth/proliferation and cell survival, and sustained metabolic activity. Many therapies exist to target the PAM pathway, however feedback loops intrinsic to the pathway make single target/single agent treatments less efficacious. Dual targeting therapies are gaining momentum in investigations. Because PAM activity regulates glycolysis, measuring PAM targeting drug efficacies by interrogating the tumor extracellular pH is possible.