|
Element |
Pihl & Ervin5 |
Marlow, et al.6 |
Gottschalk, et al. #18 |
Gottschalk et al. #28 |
Gottschalk et al. #38 |
Schauss et al.7 |
Schrauzer, et al.13 |
Lead |
2.31*** |
2.38* |
1.66 |
NS |
NS |
Sig.** |
NS |
Cadmium |
1.50*** |
2.06* |
0.68 |
NS |
NS |
Sig.** |
NS |
Manganese |
1.04 |
1.50 |
7.33*** |
3.39*** |
2.15** |
0.78 |
2.28** |
Chromium |
NS |
1.14 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Sodium |
1.33 |
1.41 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Mercury |
NS |
1.41* |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Silicon |
NS |
1.26* |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Copper |
0.95 |
2.07* |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Sig.** |
NS |
Cobalt |
0.91 |
1.39 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Lithium |
NS |
0.58* |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
0.28*** |
Calcium |
0.87 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
1.14 |
Magnesium |
0.73 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
0.64 |
Potassium |
1.33 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Iron |
0.95 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Zinc |
0.97 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
*p < .05 ** p < .01 *** p < .0005 NS = Not Significant
NOTE: Comparable data on learning disabled children reveals significantly higher levels of lead (ratio 5.75*), cadmium (ratio 1.59*), manganese (ratio 1.43*), chromium
(ratio 2.78*) and sodium (ratio 1.78*), and lower levels of cobalt (ratio .70*) and lithium (ratio .55*). Source: Bryce-Smith D. “Lead Induced Disorder of Mentation in Children.”
Nutrition and Health. 1983; 1: 179-194. |
