| Antioxidant |
Mechanism of Action |
References |
| Aminoguanidine |
Inhibits the accelerated death of retinal capillary cells and development of retinopathy, inhibits lipid
peroxidation and AGEs formation; |
[85-87] |
Ascorbic acid, acetate,
α- tocopherol, trolox
cysteine,
NAC, β-carotene and selenium |
Reduce PKC in the retina, and lipid peroxides, prevents the drecrease of SOD, GR and catalase; |
[12, 77-78] |
| Benfotiamine |
Inhibits MnSOD, increases the inhibiton of acellular capillaries in the retina blocking the major pathways
involved in hyperglycemia induced retinal dysmetabolism; |
[88] |
| Caffeic acid |
Anti-angiogenic activity in retinal endothelial cells and retinal neovascularization, suppression of the
ROSinduced and VEGF expression; |
[81, 97] |
| Calcium dobsilate |
Decreases retinal permeability, stabilized BRB and reduced overexpression of VEGF; |
[11, 79-80] |
| Curcumin |
Ocular anti-inflammatory multipotent activities; |
[44, 91] |
| Lipoic acid |
Attenuates the apoptosis of retinal capillary cells and acellular capillaries, decreases the levels of
nitrotyrosine, VEGF and oxidatively modified proteins, activation of NF-κB; |
[73, 83] |
| Nicanartine |
Inhibits pericyte loss; |
[8] |
| Pycnogenol |
Free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory properties; |
[92] |
| Pyridoxamine |
Inhibits the formation of diabetes-induced retinal acellular strands; |
[88] |
| Rosmarinic acid |
Anti-angiogenic activity to retinal neovascularization, inhibits the proliferation of retinal endothelial cells,
and the angiogenesis of tube formation; |
[84] |
| Selenium |
Down-regulate VEGF production in the retina of diabetics; |
[90] |
| Trolox |
Partially prevents the loss of pericytes via reducing membrane lipid peroxidation; [76]
Vitamin C and E |
[76] |
| Vitamin C and E |
Reduce neovascularization, prevent the inhibition of retinal GR, GPx and SOD activities; |
[76-77, 98] |
| Vitamin E |
Restores retinal blood flow, free radical scavenger, normalize diabetic retinal hemodynamics; |
[46, 48, 50] |
| Zinc |
Prevents diabetes-induced GSH loss in the retina; |
[89] |
|
