| Drug |
Mechanism of Action |
Transporter gene/protein |
Response affecting Polymorphism |
| Sulfonylureas |
Increase β‑cell insulin secretion by a glucose-independent mechanism |
Not studied |
CYP2C9 *2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3, TCF7L2, E23K variant of KCNJ11 |
| Meglitinides |
Increase β‑cell insulin secretion by a glucose-independent mechanism |
SLCO1B1 |
CYPC8*1/*3, CYP2C9*3 |
| DPP4 inhibitors |
Increase insulin secretion by a glucose-dependent mechanism
Suppress glucagon secretion by a glucose-dependent mechanism |
Incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) |
TCF7L2, MTNR1B |
| GLP1 receptor agonists |
Increase insulin secretion by a glucose-dependent mechanism
Suppress glucagon secretion by a glucose-dependent mechanism |
GLP receptor |
T149M polymorphism |
| Thiazolidinediones |
Decrease insulin resistance |
SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1) |
CYP2C8*3 and *4, PPARG Ala12 |
| Metformin |
Decrease insulin resistance |
SLC22A1 (OCT1)
SLC22A2 (OCT2) |
SNP rs622342 in SLC22A1 gene encoding OCT1 |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors |
Act within the gastrointestinal tract to lower postprandial glucose excursions |
|
Pro12Ala of PPARG, Gly482 of PGC1A, TT genotype of APM1 polymorphism +276 G/T |
