| Gene |
|
Parameters |
Diabetic Foot Ulcers (n=9) |
Pressure Ulcers (n=5) |
Acute wound |
Dif. between means (DFU-PU) |
(CI 95%) |
(CI 99%) |
p value |
| MTOR |
Serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription |
Mean ± SD |
0.574 ± 0.393 |
1.422 ± 0.288 |
1.154 |
-0.848 ± 0.202 |
-1.287 to -0.409 |
-1.464 to -0.232 |
0.0012** |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.517 (0.169; 0.964) |
1.266 (1.193; 1.728) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.047; 1.099) |
(1.126; 1.787) |
- |
| E2F1 |
Transcription factor. Plays a crucial role in the control of cell cycle and action of tumor suppressor proteins |
Mean ± SD |
0.353 ± 0.3381 |
0.831 ± 0.1878 |
0.774 |
-0.478 ± 0.165 |
-0.838 to -0.117 |
-0.983 to 0.028 |
0.0136* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.304 (0.033; 0.720) |
0.728 (0.724; 0.988) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.001; 0.831) |
(0.724; 1.159) |
- |
| PCNA |
Cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. Helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA synthesis and repair |
Mean ± SD |
1.264 ± 0.341 |
1.737 ± 0.496 |
1.880 |
-0.472 ± 0.172 |
-0.850 to -0.094 |
-1.005 to 0.061 |
0.019* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.257 (0.938; 1.510) |
1.732 (1.532; 1.944) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.826; 1.849) |
(1.444; 1.955) |
- |
| CDK4 |
Catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that leads G1 to S phase progression during cell cycle |
Mean ± SD |
1.027 ± 0.377 |
1.412 ± 0.150 |
1.566 |
-0.384 ± 0.178 |
-0.773 to 0.004 |
-0.930 to 0.160 |
0.05* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.145 (0.816; 1.298) |
1.440 (1.288; 1.521) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.197; 1.395) |
(1.156; 1.527) |
- |
| COL1A1 |
Fibrillar collagen found in most connective tissues that strengthens and supports many tissues in the body, including cartilage, bone, tendon, skin and sclera |
Mean ± SD |
0.966 ± 0.474 |
1.448 ± 0.117 |
1.432 |
-0.482 ± 0.166 |
-0.855 to -0.109 |
-1.015 to 0.050 |
0.016* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.940 (0.692; 1.336) |
1.377 (1.359; 1.572) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.113; 1.670) |
(1.344; 1.606) |
- |
| COL3A1 |
Collagen of granulation tissue, it is produced quickly by young fibroblasts before the tougher type I collagen is synthesized. Reticular fiber. Also found in artery walls, skin, intestines and the uterus |
Mean ± SD |
0.937 ± 0.392 |
1.498 ± 0.117 |
1.421 |
-0.5606 ± 0.1409 |
-0.873 to -0.247 |
-1.005 to -0.116 |
0.0025** |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.138 (0.568; 1.286) |
1.451 (1.410; 1.610) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.278; 1.360) |
(1.393; 1.685) |
- |
| TGFB1 |
Multifunctional cytokine that regulates proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and other functions in many cell types. TGF-beta is a key regulator of ECM assembly and remodeling. It inhibits the synthesis of extracellular proteinases while upregulating the production of their inhibitors and that of structural ECM components, such as collagen |
Mean ± SD |
1.266 ± 0.524 |
1.838 ± 0.183 |
2.065 |
-0.572 ± 0.246 |
-1.107 to -0.036 |
-1.323 to 0.179 |
0.038* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.118 (0.924; 1.782) |
1.825 (1.667; 2.015) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.368; 1.876) |
(1.661; 2.093) |
- |
| INSR |
Transmembrane receptor that mediates the biological effects of insulin |
Mean ± SD |
0.626 ± 0.375 |
1.242 ± 0.176 |
1.282 |
-0.617 ± 0.180 |
-1.009 to -0.225 |
-1.167 to -0.067 |
0.005** |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.643 (0.258; 0.976) |
1.184 (1.110; 1.405) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.131; 1.166) |
(1.075; 1.528) |
- |
| SLC2A1 |
Glucose transporter responsible for the low-level of basal glucose uptake required to sustain respiration in all cells |
Mean ± SD |
0.684 ± 0.420 |
1.658 ± 0.662 |
1.172 |
-0.974 ± 0.286 |
-1.598 to -0.350 |
-1.849 to -0.099 |
0.0053** |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.714 (0.230; 1.077) |
1.935 (0.979; 2.200) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.082; 1.214) |
(0.697; 2.260) |
- |
| HK1 |
Enzyme that localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria, mediates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in glucose metabolism pathway |
Mean ± SD |
0.933 ± 0.489 |
1.996 ± 0.385 |
1.105 |
-1.064 ± 0.255 |
-1.619 to -0.509 |
-1.842 to -0.286 |
0.0013** |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.933 (0.640; 1.346) |
2.079 (1.679; 2.273) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.001; 1.587) |
(1.369; 2.413) |
- |
| HK2 |
Predominant form found in skeletal muscle. Expression studies suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells |
Mean ± SD |
0.945 ± 0.457 |
1.685 ± 0.502 |
0.926 |
-0.739 ± 0.288 |
-1.382 to -0.097 |
-1.653 to 0.174 |
0.028* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.916 (0.536; 1.413) |
1.702 (1.203; 2.149) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.279; 1.465) |
(1.056; 2.278) |
- |
| PFKP |
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
Mean ± SD |
1.069 ± 0.283 |
1.426 ± 0.227 |
1.554 |
-0.357 ± 0.148 |
-0.678 to -0.035 |
-0.809 to 0.095 |
0.032* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.139 (0.849; 1.259) |
1.491 (1.231; 1.588) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.566; 1.465) |
(1.045; 1.630) |
- |
| PKM1 |
Pyruvate kinase that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, generating ATP and pyruvate. The pyruvate kinase isoforms PKM1 and PKM2 are alternatively spliced products of the PKM2 gene, from two mutually exclusive exons |
Mean ± SD |
1.520 ± 0.773 |
2.915 ± 0.728 |
1.348 |
-1.395 ± 0.423 |
-2.317 to -0.474 |
-2.688 to -0.103 |
0.0064** |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.804 (1.014; 2.149) |
3.071 (2.220; 3.533) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.001; 2.390) |
(1.792; 3.563) |
- |
| PKM2 |
The embryonic pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) isoform is highly expressed in human cancer |
Mean ± SD |
1.095 ± 0.417 |
2.203 ± 0.434 |
1.684 |
-1.108 ± 0.236 |
-1.622 to -0.595 |
-1.828 to -0.388 |
0.0005*** |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.910 (0.803; 1.466) |
2.321 (1.781; 2.566) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.534; 1.796) |
(1.544; 2.625) |
- |
| PDHA1 |
Enzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2, and provides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle |
Mean ± SD |
1.149 ± 0.381 |
2.025 ± 0.235 |
1.939 |
-0.876 ± 0.189 |
-1.288 to -0.463 |
-1.454 to -0.297 |
0.0006*** |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.220 (0.944; 1.411) |
2.016 (1.793; 2.261) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.325; 1.621) |
(1.770; 2.282) |
- |
| PDK4 |
Enzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase mitochondrial multienzyme complex that inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylating PDH subunit |
Mean ± SD |
1.050 ± 0.397 |
0.457 ± 0.226 |
1.066 |
0.538 ± 0.195 |
0.113 to 0.962 |
-0.057 to 1.132 |
0.017* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.796 (0.722; 1.209) |
0.520 (0.208; 0.625) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.437; 1.770) |
(0.202; 0.727) |
- |
| FOXO3 |
Transcription factor which triggers apoptosis through expression of genes necessary for cell death. It is also implicated in resistance to oxidative stress by promoting the expression of anti-oxidant defense enzymes such as Mn-SOD and catalase |
Mean ± SD |
1.156 ± 0.404 |
1.516 ± 0.114 |
1.969 |
-0.360 ± 0.144 |
-0.681 to -0.039 |
-0.816 to 0.096 |
0.0313* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.172 (1.013; 1.452) |
1.515 (1.417; 1.616) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.243; 1.633) |
(1.340; 1.628) |
- |
| SIRT1 |
Histone deacetylase type III, deacetylates a broad number of nonhistone substrates in a variety of tissues, activating or silencing their biological activities |
Mean ± SD |
0.373 ± 0.152 |
0.853 ± 0.371 |
0.813 |
-0.478 ± 0.173 |
-0.931 to -0.026 |
-1.196 to 0.239 |
0.042* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
0.339 (0.250; 0.482) |
0.836 (0.527; 1.188) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(0.168; 0.643) |
(0.513; 1.425) |
- |
| SOD2 |
One the most important enzymes for anti-oxidant defense. This is a mitochondrial matrix protein that catalyses the dismutation of toxic superoxide ion into hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen |
Mean ± SD |
1.382 ± 0.232 |
1.686 ± 0.176 |
2.281 |
-0.304 ± 0.120 |
-0.565 to -0.043 |
-0.670 to 0.062 |
0.026* |
| Median (25%; 75% percentile) |
1.294 (1.188; 1.565) |
1.750 (1.510; 1.829) |
- |
| (min; max) |
(1.070; 1.782) |
(1.430; 1.875) |
- |
Gene expression was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and normalized to ribosomal subunit 18S mRNA. SD: Standard Deviation; min: Minimum; max: Maximum;
dif: Difference; CI: Confidence Interval. *p< 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p< 0.001.